Dancers Are The Athletes Of God - 1050 Words

â€Å"The very quotable quote, â€Å"Dancers are the athletes of God†, is often used in the dance community to describe the mix of athleticism and spirituality with which dancers dance†(Bryant). There’s not much of a difference in jazz, modern, ballet, and hip hop dancing, just like there’s not much difference in soccer, basketball, baseball and football; both activities have their own purpose. A professional jazz dancer and a professional basketball player will both have their own reasoning as to why they play or dance the specific dance or specific sport but both will explain how much hard work they put into what they are so good at. Athletes who believe dancing is just an activity should reconsider, for when comparing the similar factors in sports and dance it is evident that the two are comparable. When injuries occur, athletes go to their general practitioner or even sports medicine doctor. They are often told to â€Å"stop playing† or may receive instant treatment to get them back on the field. Ronald Smith, a University of Washington psychology professor, said that the injury rate for ballet dancers over an eight-month period was 61 percent; This is comparable to rates found in other studies for athletes in collision sports such as football and wrestling (â€Å"Ballet Dancer Injuries as Common, Severe as Athletic Injuries†). One example of an athletic injury would be sprains and strains. A sprain occurs when the ligament gets overextended or teared while severely stressing a joint;Show MoreRelatedDancers Deserves to Have The Titles of Athletes1247 Words   |  5 PagesAlbert Einstein once said â€Å"Dancers are the athletes of God.† Dancers deserve to have the title of athlete, to start, take a look at the definition of an athlete â€Å"a person train ed or gifted in exercises or contests involving physical agility, stamina, or strength† (dictionary). While dancing requires great artistry, artistry is just one aspect of dance, because there is clearly an athletic side as well. Dancers athletic side is not seen by many because of the reality of what is seen on stage, butRead MoreEssay on Athletic Benefits of Dance1909 Words   |  8 Pagesof muscle and flexibility. What do athletes need to have, all of those characteristics. When it comes to athletes, of any kind, dance can help with honing their skills. Something that most athletes do not seem to understand is that dance is just as much a physical and athletic sport as their sport is. Dance can help in areas that regular conditioning, working out, stretching, and practicing cannot. Dance is not only a sport, but an art. When athletes participate in the arts it makes themRead MoreRitual Dances By Lucile Armstrong1432 Words   |  6 PagesWhen thinking of dance, most people think about ballet such as The Nutcracker, Swan Lake, or even Beauty and the Beast. Dance first started out as a ritual. According to HistoryWorld â€Å"In most ancient civilization, dance before the god is an important element in the temple ritual†. Ritual dancing bring men as they celebrate their necessities. These necessities include food, shelter, safety, and surviving natural disasters. These ritual dances brought the communities together to celebrate their accomplishmentsRead MorePsychological And Emotional Factors Of Anorexia Nervosa1120 Words   |  5 Pagesanorexia. People may feel they have no control over certain situations, but they can control what they eat. Weight changes, increase or decrease, and they way others respond (positive or negative) can also influence. G enetics may play a role. Athletes, actors, dancers and models are at higher risk of anorexia.(2Anorexia Nervosa MayoFoundation) Society and all the images on tv, magazines, etc. promote being skinny. Definitions and Background Data Restrictive type of anorexia nervosa involves extremeRead MoreAnalysis Of Nicolas Belmont s The Prince 1132 Words   |  5 Pagesthing to be down there, but in this school, it s a whole different story. The thing is at Elyria Academy there s a Strict Hierarchy. It s not like a typical social leader where the nerds and outcasts are at the bottom and the cheerleaders and athletes are at the top. It s way different. It s all about money and power. How much you and your family are worth and how much power they have can make a big difference in how you are treated by others. There are five classes in our Social Hierarchy:Read MoreThe Effects Of Sports On Female Athletes2156 Words   |  9 Pagestoday’s society, female athletes still don’t have equal respect to male athletes. In fact, women were excluded from the first Olympic games. Since then, women have come a long way in society to gain the respect that they deserve. Culturally it is the norm to see female athletes sexualized in the media. Unfortunately, the media plays a large role in many inequality concerns. This completely ties in with my major, sport management. It also ties in with the fact that I am a female athlete. Although I am notRead MoreAd Analysis1483 Words   |  6 Pagesreached. The â€Å"Got Milk?† tagline has been integrated in messages across the country such as churches, â€Å"Got God?† cheerleaders, â€Å"Got Spirit?† and even universities, â€Å"Got Whoop?†. The â€Å"Got Milk?† ads have been making a strong campaign for more tha n a decade all over the world, and each year the campaigners branch out to include many well-known celebrities including pop singers, actors, and athletes, Though each ad is different, they all feature the same thing. There is a characteristic â€Å"milk mustache†Read MoreEssay about Politics and the Modern Olympics1984 Words   |  8 PagesOlympic games took place in Greece in the ninth century, b.c.e. to worship the gods, win personal glory, and, most importantly, unite the Greek city-states. At that time, Greece was made up of many small, isolated communities which, as they flourished, sought to dominate the others. The first Olympic games brought them together once every four years, and most of the city-states declared truces to allow the athletes and spectators to make their way to the games without being hurt or killed. TheRead MoreTheatre and Its Double2592 Words   |  11 Pages and he accuses Europe of not having a culture. â€Å"What has lost us culture is our Occidental idea of art and the profits we seek to derive from it† (10). He then praises Mexico for its incorporation of totem; a visual art that also represents the gods. Artaud reiterates what will be a common theme in this work, that to bring about true or pure theatre, one must be rid of language. â€Å"For the theatre as for culture, it remains a question of naming and directing shadows: and the theatre, not confinedRead MoreAn Overview of Ancient Greece2106 Words   |  8 PagesZeus at the Olympic Games. It is said that they were sacrifices held at these games for their gods. The Olympic Games were versions of war. Throwing spearing and stones were representations of battle. If they won they got a ribbon around their head, a palm tree branch to wave around and a olive wreath. The winners were recorded on a statue around Olympia. The winner was worship as some sort of god. Learning Outcome #9: The student will be able to demonstrate an appreciation for aesthetics

A Research On Genetic Engineering - 1111 Words

Genetic Engineering in Humans Andrew Pickard English 122, Semester 1 Mrs. D. Seymour December 19, 2014 Genetic Engineering in Humans I. Insecurity and Disappointments A. Identity Crisis B. The Injury C. Elite Development Program / Re-injury II. Royal Canadian Leadership Camp A. Application B. Black Sheep C. Inspiring Words III. Volunteer Experiences / Inspiring Events A. Steve Nash Youth Basketball B. We Day C. Literacy Mentor Pickard 1 Andrew Pickard Mrs. D. Seymour English 122 19 December 2014 Genetic Engineering in Humans For thousands of years, humanity has selectively bred plants and animals to produce the most favourable results from the fruitful species around us. It has only been a very recent event in our history, however, that we have invented a systematic procedure to ensure the best results in these species. This procedure is called genetic engineering, and has sparked multiple debates among both academics and the public about the ethics behind controlling the outcome of a species. Among all the altercation regarding this relatively new technology, no other topic has brought about more controversy than the use of genetic engineering in humans. Proponents of genetic engineering envision a future where disease, crime, suffering, and infertility have been eliminated - replaced by an enhanced human race better suited to our environment. Opponents fear a nightmarish world where biodiversity and the human genome have been corrupted throughShow MoreRelatedA Research On Genetic Engineering2006 Words   |  9 PagesMichael Hrisstov 11/1/2014 Research Paper Genetic Engineering 1. Introduction Ever wish you could eat pizza and have the same nutrients as fruits or vegetables? Food is something that affects every person on this planet, in more ways than we think. Recent discoveries show that we may be able to eat that slice of pizza and maintain our health. A concept known as genetic engineering has the ability to make foods taste better, increase their nutritional value, and even help solve some of the deadliestRead MoreA Research On Genetic Engineering2106 Words   |  9 PagesGenetic Engineering Genetic engineering is the set of techniques used to manipulate and modify the genetic material of living beings that have been the key to the rapid development of modern biotechnology. Recombination mechanisms provide a limited genetic exchange. Mankind has spent his life correcting the habits of nature to make it to his liking, so that it would be more helpful; Mankind has transformed plants to make them more useful for their crops, has domesticated animals so that theyRead MoreGenetic Engineering Research Paper1341 Words   |  6 PagesI. Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the past three decades, scientists have learned how to mix and match characteristics among unrelated creatures by moving genes from one creature to another. This is called â€Å"genetic engineering.† Genetic Engineering is prematurely applied to food production. There are estimates that food output must increase by 60 percent over the next 25 years to keep up with demand. Thus, the result of scientist genetically altering plants for more consumption. The two most common methodsRead MoreA Research On Genetic Engineering1407 Words   |  6 PagesGenetic Engineering is all about genes, which are made of DNA; the chemical inside the nucleus of a cell that carries the genetic instructions for making living organisms. It is a very broad term that covers a range of techniques that allow for the artificial addition, deletion or rearrangement of sequences of bases in DNA in order to alter the observable form and function of an organism. (Science Group, 2014). G enetic Engineering was first discovered in the 1970s when scientist discovered how toRead MoreGenetic Engineering Research Paper1584 Words   |  7 PagesGenetic engineering Explain how this technology works. Genetic engineering otherwise called genetic modification and can basically be described as the ‘direct manipulation of an organism’s genome’ which is the complete set of genetic material of an animal, plant or other living thing. This direct manipulation works by using modern DNA technology. This ‘involves the introduction of foreign DNA also known as synthetic genes into the organism of interest’ or curiousity. Genetic engineering does notRead MoreA Research Study On Genetic Engineering1042 Words   |  5 PagesGenetic engineering is using molecular biology methods to modify the genetic information of an organism. Its aims include learning about the biology of an organism and generating new or improved commercial products. Plant biotechnology is manipulating plants specifically to improve agricultural needs. GMOs or genetically modified organisms are organisms modified by genetic engineering to express desirable traits. DNA fragments containing said desirable traits and a means of introducing the DNA toRead MoreGenetic Engineering : The Field Of Biomedical Research1710 Words   |  7 PagesGenetic engineering is the latest experimental practice used in the world of biomedical research. This practice refers to humans modifying an animals’ genetic component in order to express a particular trait (Dale et al). The scientific community calls the animals produced by this practice as tra nsgenic animals in order to distinguish between its wild type relative. This innovative technology paved ways for medical breakthroughs, along with the expansion of human understanding towards the mechanismsRead MoreA Research Study On Genetic Engineering1735 Words   |  7 Pages Genetic Engineering is a fairly new science field that is used to change the genes that can be located inside of a cell, but it brings many problems along with it. Genes give an individual or species a certain set of traits that can determine its appearance on the inside and outside. The genes can be moved between same or even different types of species. This can completely change an organism’s looks or even allow the scientists to create a whole new type of animal. The animal would then beRead MoreA Research Study On Genetic Engineering Essay1403 Words   |  6 PagesGenetic engineering is a straight use of an organism s genome by the use of biotechnology. New DNA may be inserted into the hos t genome by first and copying the genetic material of interest by the use molecular emulating methods to create a DNA order, or by producing the DNA, and then injecting this concept into the host organism. I think in the future 50 years, the use of hormones can enable the production of higher quality carcasses, and increases the rate of muscle development (Bruce, D., BruceRead MoreAre Studies in Genetic Engineering and Stem Cell Research Beneficial?1637 Words   |  7 Pagesof advancements have been made from things such as medicine to something basic as a cell phone. One of the most unacknowledged yet productive methods that has become a possibility and surpasses our expectations is the process of genetic engineering and stem cell research. These studies have proven to be a beneficial part to the way people could live and how they could approach life-threatening diseases. When similar studies are first discussed and publicized they appear to not only be impossible

Cyber-Community and Cyber-Identity-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Cyber-Community and Cyber-Identity. Answer: Undoubtedly one of the greatest inventions in the history of Mankind has been the internet as the ease through which any regular person is able to access it. The way in which people interacted and communicated has been indeed radically changed by the introduction of internet where even telecommunication is possible. The internet which had initially been invented for military used has in the contemporary world become became a general feature of almost all computer devices around the world. As the internet can be easily and widely accessed it has become a significant influence on the society and its individuals. I did not have much knowledge about the significance of cyberidentity and cybercommunity in the contemporary world. In had a perception that cyberidentity and cybercommunity are moderate in nature and do not possess any significant harm to the society. People have been provided a new platform through which they can express their views and find people who have similar perspectiv es as it would be difficult for them to do such activities easily without the use of the internet. According to Roberts Indermaur and Spiranovic (2013) cyber identity or Internet identity is a sort of social identity which uses of the Internet create an established in online websites and communities. Nakamura and Chow (2013) define cyber identity as the actively portrait presentation of one's personality. I thought that people always choose their real names to establish their Internet identity however in reality Internet users also prefer to be using different names and be anonymous through identifying themselves using pseudonyms unrevealing only certain kind of information through which personality can be identified. The relationship of the user with certain social group which they are a part of online can also be used to identify the server identity of a person. Through detailed study on cyber identity I got the knowledge that some people can also be deceptive in relation to their identity on the Internet. In few online context such as online chats massive multiplayer online gam es Internet forums Internet users Virtually represent themselves by selecting an avatar which is a graphical image size of icon. Choosing search avatars maybe a certain kind of way through which the Internet identity is established. Whether or not The Identity established over the Internet can be trusted is derived from the interaction of such identity with other users. The association of Cyber identity and community is mostly through authentication which generally needs login and registration. Tracking cookies and IP address are also used by a few websites to identify users. The principles in relation to Cyber identity and how emerging Technology influences it is a subject area of research in feels like psychology Sociology and education. One of the notable examples is the online this inhibition effect which refers to the concept of uninhibited and advise behavior over the Internet which establishes through audience gratification and anonymity. The Internet provides a space to the users through which they have the possibility of exposing and expressing their identities in a social context. For instance identity is defined by people through creation of user profiles in social networking sites like Twitter LinkedIn or Facebook. More tactic identities are defined when the individuals by providing opinions and blogs over search social networking sites. There may be a certain issues related to privacy with the disclosure of cyber identity. Strategies are adopted by many people through which they can control the disclosure of their personal identity over the Internet. Some of these strategies require significant investment of efforts. Carpenter, Steeves and Abzarian (2016) states that many questions have been raised among academic after the emergence of online identity concept. The concept of Identity have been complicated by online avatars and social networking services. A domain of scholarly research have been created by academ y for responding to such emerging trends such as technoself studies which emphasizes on technological societies and human identity. In the book building virtual communities Druckenmiller and Mittleman (2015) have explored online identity emphasizing on the concept of masking identity. It has been pointed out by then that a Mask of their identity is portrayed by individuals when way interact in social space. The situation is of no difference in online sites and become increasingly pronounced because of decisions Di mistake in relation to their online profiles. They have to answer specific questions in relation to user name address gender age and so on. In addition where once online identity has accrued The Mask of such person is defined by the way in which they write choose topic and vocabulary. The type of mass which is elected by a person over the Internet reviews little about the subject who has selected the mask. This might be called buy one as a metaphor of the mask. The actual identity of the person is not revealed by the online mask. However some hints of what actually lies behind the mask are revealed by i t. For instance weather person selects to act like a cricketer the metaphor would you be an interest in cricket. Where a person refers to hide behind the cyber identity it reveals about that lack of self-esteem and fear behind the false mask (Nakamura 2013). By studying the above literature my perspective about cyber community and cyber identity significantly changed. There is a deep study in relation to the identification of human beings which have recently emphasized on Internet identity. Just like people use a mask in the society they also do it over the Internet to portray themselves as one which they are not. Some people also use Internet identity to indulge in criminal activities and hide the real identity so that they can avoid being caught. I also got to know that the mask which people use with respect to Cyber identity and community they will something about the actual personality. Strategies are adopted by many people through which they can control the disclosure of their personal identity over the Internet. Some of these strategies require significant investment of efforts. A domain of scholarly research have been created by academy for responding to such emerging trends such as technoself studies which emphasizes on technolog ical societies and human identity. I got to know that internet identity is rapidly penetrating the Australian society and taking over the concept of social identity at a great pace. References Roberts, L.D., Indermaur, D. and Spiranovic, C., 2013. Fear of cyber-identity theft and related fraudulent activity.Psychiatry, Psychology and Law,20(3), pp.315-328. Druckenmiller, D.A. and Mittleman, D., 2015, January. A Design Theory for Digital Habitats: Building Virtual Communities of Practice. InSystem Sciences (HICSS), 2015 48th Hawaii International Conference on(pp. 571-580). IEEE. Nakamura, L. and Chow-White, P. eds., 2013.Race after the Internet. Routledge. Nakamura, L., 2013.Cybertypes: Race, ethnicity, and identity on the Internet. Routledge. Carpenter, T.L., Steeves, D. and Abzarian, D., Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc, 2016.Trusted internet identity. U.S. Patent 9,325,705.

Dylan Thomas and September 11th free essay sample

A paper which discusses the relevance of Dylan Thomas poetry to society today, especially after the terrorist attacks of September 11th. By examining several of Dylan Thomas poems, the paper shows how his continuous themes of the unity of life, the continuing process of life and death, and the life-link between generations are all relevant to society today, despite the fact that Thomas has been dead for over 50 years. The paper shows that in the wake of September 11th, his works, though not exactly comforting, do provide an outlet for a nation suddenly forced to deal with the harsh realities of life and death. A final strength of Thomass work is that he asks hard questions without proposing easy answers. He accepts death in the sense that he knows it is a part of life and must be, but he offers no platitudes about its goodness or rightness. Indeed, in one of his most famous poems, he urges, ?Do not go gentle into that good night. We will write a custom essay sample on Dylan Thomas and September 11th or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page / Rage, rage against the dying of the light.? In another poem, Out of the Pit, he questions, ?[W]heres Gods my Shepherd, God is Love? / No loving shepherd in this upside life.? In his avoidance of the quick fix, Thomas respects his own and his readers fear and hatred of death while acknowledging its reality.

Music 111 Chapter 17 Flashcard

Music 111 Chapter 17

There, Their, Theyre

There, Their, Theyre There, Their, Theyre There, Their, Theyre By Sharon When two words sound alike (known as homonyms), it s easy to think they mean the same thing. English being what it is, they usually dont and its important to get them right so you say exactly what you mean. For example, whats the difference between their, there and theyre? The three are often mixed up when writing, because they sound exactly the same. However, the meanings of these three words couldnt be more different. Their Lets start with their. Its the possessive form of they, which means it is used to show ownership or belonging. If something belongs to them, it is their item. Example: Michael and Lola left their car at home as it was a fine night. There If you are talking about a place or location, then you need the word there. This word indicates where something goes or where something is. Example: Michael dropped his coat on the floor. Lola said: Dont put it there, Michael. Hang it on a hook. Theyre Finally, theyre is a contraction of they are, with the apostrophe showing where the letter a has been left out. If you sound it out in full in the sentence and it sounds right, then youve got the right one. Otherwise, it must be one of the other two. Example: Where are my parents meeting us? asked Lola. Theyre meeting us at the restaurant, said Michael. Putting It All Together Once you have these three straight, then you can easily make sense of a sentence like this: Their car is being repaired, so theyre taking a cab to get there, said Michael. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:4 Types of Gerunds and Gerund PhrasesSocial vs. SocietalEducational vs. Educative

Did the possession of nuclear weapons prevent war in Europe after 1945 Essay

Did the possession of nuclear weapons prevent war in Europe after 1945 - Essay Example There is no doubt that presence of nuclear programs and weapons enabled Europe to take wise decisions after 1945. The best example of European ‘wise decisions’ is no nuclear war has taken place since 1945. If we talk about the nuclear battlefield in the context of British Government, we would analyse the British Army of the Rhine spent much time and effort in trying to imagine what such a battlefield might look like and in preparing to cope with it. The main reason was that British Government was in debt to the USA, due to which it reduced its armed forced to one million soldiers. Beside this, all European countries were aware of the haphazard of nuclear war, since the bombing of ‘Hiroshima’. During the 1950s and 1960s these efforts were taken very seriously, which involved two steps: possessing advanced nuclear weapons and visualising war with and without them. Of course war cannot be fought without them, which means war fought with nuclear weapons. ‘ Hiroshima’ bombing is a sample view, which is still giving birth to the haphazard of a single nuclear bomb. In the context of war at the strategic level the first response was to emphasise ‘counterforce’. Soviet weapons were the strategic targets and senior commanders still talked as though a nuclear war could be ‘won’. Then the danger of this approach dawned with the development of Soviet Union the means of delivering a massive blow against the United States, so the notion of 'riding out' a first strike and then delivering a counter-blow on what could only be empty silos and deserted bomber bases became highly unattractive. The result was a shift back to 'city-busting', holding the people rather than the weapons as hostages; 400 one-megaton weapons able to hit area targets would suffice. This totally amoral doctrine was dressed up under the term Mutual Assured Destruction and its appropriate acronym (MAD). The tactical counterpart to this change of heart took a further five years to mature. It came to be realised that large-scale assault on NATO, while still a de adly danger, was by no means the only or even the most likely contingency. (Barnaby & Holdstock, 2003, p. 39) At that time the total nuclear stockpile of the United States, at its highest point, had an estimated explosive yield of some 9 billion tons of high explosive and the Soviet stockpile must have been much the same. In the 20 years from 1945 to 1965 nuclear warheads evolved to fill every possible ecological niche on the battlefield and in numbers far greater than any rational person could possibly have considered useful. (2003, p.

Discussion on the Current situation of Inner Mongolia franchise hotel Dissertation

Discussion on the Current situation of Inner Mongolia franchise hotel industry in marketing and strategy aspect - Dissertation Example Physical data of each hotel is first presented after which the perception of the interviewees would be presented. This would however, not be individually presented but the outcome as a group would be presented. Super8 This is a part of the chain hotel with 136 rooms in Inner Mongolia. Three employees from different managerial levels could be interviewed. The headquarters is in charge of the hotel management while daily operations rest with the manager appointed by the headquarters. They are positioned as a high class hotel and cater to the segment that has a relatively high taste for accommodation, according to the AGM but the FOM and the cashier believe that they are positioned in the industry as a hotel that caters to the price-sensitive customers. The AGM and the FOM consider their neighbors as their main competitors but the cashier considers hotels with similar price structure to be the main competitors. Hailiang Hotel Only the Sales Manager from this hotel could be interviewed. They have 660 rooms and the franchisee require room space and room number. Their main competitors are the hotels that belong to the same star category. They are positioned as a hotel with interests in group and business segment. They are in the Group accommodation franchise model. Haixia Hotel This independent 110 room hotel does not belong to any chain and is an independent hotel with the voluntary chain franchise model. The General Manager, who was interviewed at this hotel, claims that they have no competitors. They maintain excellent relationships with other hotels in the area as they share market information and business groups. The GM declined to answer how they have positioned themselves in the sector. Hua Chen Hotel Hua Chen is a part of the regular chain with 149 rooms and 3 restaurants having a total of 550 sites. Their competitors are those that belong to the same category. They have positioned themselves as a 4 star hotel focusing on the mining business customers. Iron B ull Hotel The Sales Manager of the Iron Bull Hotel with 268 rooms considers Erdos holiday hotel and Erdos Dong Shi Days Inn as their main competitors. They follow the regular chain model and consider themselves as an upscale hotel in Erdos. Phoenix Hotel Two marketing representatives and one sales representative from this hotel were interviewed. They have 280 rooms and the franchisee has no requirements. Their main competitors include Inner Mongolia hotel, Jinjiang hotel, Shangri-la hotel, holiday hotel and Kingshidom hotel. They focus on the upscale independent business traveler. They are a part of the regular chain of the Air China Group and they target the business and conference groups as their primary target and the tourists as the second target segment. The franchised hotels follow certain strategy based on various factors. The responses of the interview have been categorized under different headings to evaluate the success of the franchised models. Factor for success The inte rviews were open-ended which revealed several factors, opinions and perspectives. Thus, to the question on which were the factors they considered as critical to the success of the franchised operations, different hotels came up with different perspectives. The factors ranged from location, pricing, service, clean environment to overall management and training of employees. Some also pointed out the relationship with the travel agents and the local government is critical to the

An Investigation into the Role of European Central Bank (ECB) in Assignment - 1

An Investigation into the Role of European Central Bank (ECB) in Conducting Monetary Policy for the Euro Zone - Assignment Example A number of measures are present and could be implemented by European Central Bank. However, care has to be taken so as to avoid market disappointment as well as panic among investors. Monaghan proposes six monetary policy measures that can be implemented to save the Euro. First is Banking license, which would involve ECB granting a banking license for the European region permanent bailout fund. If this is implemented it would make it possible for ESM to borrow from the central bank and in so doing become a lender of last resort and help those countries in difficulties but which are essentially solvent. Morrison argues that Banking license could be a way out in cases of credit difficulty but the impacts on the recipients could be disastrous in the long run and thus be making it less favorable as a method of saving the Euro. The second measure is bond purchases which could happen by ECB buying bonds and this must be done on a large scale in order to make the desired impact and bring the costs of borrowing down. ECB has done in the past with minimal results being achieved. Scholars argue that the only way to ensure that the problem does not recur is to ensure that th e bond buying is made permanent and unlimited so as to have an impact on the Euro. The third measure is quantitative easing which would be done such that ECB would buy bonds across the region with funds that are newly created thus causing a monetary stimulus. Lenza argues that there are a number of monetary measures for exceptional times and quantitative easing is a good measure to save the Euro at this time. The fourth measure is a liquidity boost in order to allow more money to circulate in the economy. This as a measure is only good in the short term as increased liquidity could lead to inflation and thus care has to be taken while using this approach.

French revolution

French revolution To what extent were the ideas of the French philosophes and Enlightenment thinking a precondition to the French Revolution in 1789 were the social and economic crises of the time not sufficient in causing the Revolution themselves? The extent to which the philosophy of the 18th century impacted the French Revolution has occupied the historian ever since the days of the Revolution itself. It has proved to be immensely complex; many historians have written on the subject of the Revolution many choosing to see it purely as a sequence of events culminating in Revolution. The intellectual origins of the Revolution take root initially in the ideas of Sixteenth Century writers. The constant development of these ideas led into the great period of the Eighteenth Century, where philosophers sought to develop new ways of thinking that would allow man to better himself, and to free him from old ways of thinking and superstitions that had engrained themselves in the world. The generations that had grown up in the intellectual environment of the time and the way they were affected by these revolutionary ideas was an essential part of the Revolution. Trained historians have tended to play down the role of played by the philo sophes; instead they focus on the historical causes of the Revolution, on the facts such as the financial crisis or the inefficacy of the tax system. However, it is fundamental in understanding the cause of the revolution to appreciate the undercurrent of the development of new ideas over time this gradual occurrence does not necessarily warrant as much attention as events that happen abruptly, which may have caused the influence of enlightenment thinking to be cast aside somewhat. So how can the extent to which the ideas and writings of the philosophes influenced the general population be measured? To what extent were the revolutionaries influenced by the philosophes and perhaps most importantly did the revolutionaries mould their own philosophies around the circumstances in which they found themselves? The idea of volontà © nationale was a fundamental concept that needed to be considered by many Enlightenment thinkers. What was meant by volontà © nationale? It could be interpreted as volontà © de la majorità ©, but how could the will of the masses be gauged? The will of the people needed to manifest itself in some form in order for a people to become revolutionary. To understand how the Enlightenment affected the everyday individual in France is to fully appreciate the question at hand il faudra chercher a connaà ®tre là ©tat despirit des hommes à   là ©poque, à   nous rendre compte de ce quà ©prouvait alors lindividu par rapport à   la masse dont il fasait partie.[1] The Philosophes and Enlightenment thinking in the 18th Century Voltaire was one of the key figures in terms of his revolutionary thinking during the Eighteenth Century. He believed that laws were outdated and needed to be changed because they had been created at a different time, haphazardly and the existing laws were basà ©es sur lignorance et la superstition.[2] In a letter he wrote to Catherine II Voltaire declared les lois sont faites aprà ¨s coup, comme on calfate des vaisseux qui ont voies deau; elles sont innombrables, parce quelles sont faites sur des besoins toujours renaissants; elles sont condradictoires, attendu que ces besoins ont toujours changà ©. Voltaire was convinced that laws needed to be changed in order to allow the society to become enlightened.   For Voltaire religion also holds man back from becoming enlightened. In terms of morals, he compares the religious morals with philosophical morals. Voltaires belief that the philosophical morality is no different from religious morality is clearly explained by Groethuysen: L es philosophes ont tous des idà ©es diffà ©rentes sur les principes des choses, mais ils enseignent tout la mà ªme parole.[3] All religions thus have a harmonising and moralising aspect, however Voltaire criticises the way in which religion is based upon so many superstitions and obscure cult practices. These outdated superstitions have led to war and destruction les gens se sont disputes sur les dogmes, ils sont fait la guerre; des nations en ont detruit dautres parce queelles croyaient en Jesus-Christ et non en Mahoment.[4] Laws and religion are not necessary in order to allow man to know the difference between right and wrong reason is independent of law and religion. Man has been corrupted by the irrational aspects of religion. He does not use his sense of reasoning to understand the world and commits act of destruction and violence solely in the name of religion. Voltaire wanted man to be freed from its inability to reason, much alike Kants belief in Was ist Aufklarung that Aufklà ¤rung ist der Ausweg des Menschen aus seiner selbstverschuldeten Unmà ¼ndigkeit. Sapere aude! In answering the question as to how a law of reason can be established Voltaire proposes une loi fondamentale [qui] agit sur toutes les nations que nous conaissons.[5] The principle behind this law is first and foremost to distinguish between what is right and what is not. But Voltaire sees this law as secondary in terms of human judgement and reason every man has an inner instinct that allows them to know what is right, un sens de lequite commun a tous les hommes. For Voltaire ideas of morality are of the utmost importantce; knowledge of all other ideas must come second to morality: seules les idees morales peuvent nous server a conduire notre vie de facon a la mener en commun avec les autres hommes. A new philosophy of morality was necessary to create the new modern man; this was Voltaires main objective; he wrote in a letter to Frederic Guillaume in October 1737 that lhumanite est le principe de toutes mes pensees. Man has to look only to the goodness within him and his own instinctive moral principles pour que sa raison trouve en lui une egalite universelle dominant toutes les legislations particulieres. This in turn would lay down the foundations for a moral law. As Voltaire grew older he increasingly focused his thoughts against religion and the Church. In a letter written to Frederic II in 1767 he declared depuis dix-sept cents ans, la secte chretienne na jamais fait que du mal. He called on all philosophers of his time to rise up with him in his fight against the Church. Voltaire declared that sooner or later the time would come in France when people would be able to see the conspiracy and lunacy of religion people were raising des mains invisibles pour percer le fanatisme dun bout de lEurope a lature avec les fleches de la verite. He became very excited about the prospect of the coming revolution through the Enlightenment and could foresee the coming of the age of reason. In 1761 he wrote to dAlembert, je suis tetu. Jusqua mon dernier souffle, je repeterai mon caeterum censo: Ecrasez lInfame. Cest une grande lutte, la lutte de tous les etres pensants contre les etres non-pensantstous les etres pensants doivent etre tendrement uniscontre les fanatiques, les hypocrites, egalement persecuteurs. However, Voltaire was particularly critical of other philosophers of his time, toutes les philosophes sont trop tiedes; ils se contentent de rire des erreurs des hommes, au lieu de les ecraser.[6] Voltaire wanted all the philosophes to join together to cause change in the world and to help the population become enlightenened, he did not wanted the other philosophes to want to enlighten the world and not just see the mistakes in the existing one; les missionaries courent la terre et les mers, il faut au moins que les philosophes courent les rues, il faut quils aillent semer le bon grain de maisons en maisons.[7] This use of particularly strong language by Voltaire shows the extent to which he believed in the Enlightenment and how much he wanted it to be realised in the world. Voltaire, in writing to Alembert vehemently calls those leaders who prevent their citizens from becoming enlightened as monstres persecuteurs, quon me donn e seulement sept ou huit personnes que je puisse conduire et je vous exterminerai.[8] He declared that eventually reason will prevail but bemoans the fact that he will not be alive to see this beau changement of lEglise de la sagesse, dans laquelle les philosophes seront les precepteurs du genre humain. He calls on the philosophes to see the fruit of the trees that they themselves had planted. As regards the division of France into three estates Voltaire is very clear that the existing system needs to be abolished. Representez vous le tier etat. Mais ce sont les paysans sur leur champsles millions dhommes qui travaillent, a cote des deux cent mille members du clerge ou de la noblesse qui ne travaillent pas.[9] This inequality is a major problem for Voltaire for, in his eyes, all men are born equally on the Earth and this inequality from birth poses a major problem in allowing the Third Estate to become enlightened. Le tiers etat a lui seul est dà ©jà   toute la nation[10] Voltaire calls on the revolutionary masses of 1789 to look deeper and more closely at things and to question everything around them. Fiez-vous donc a votre raisonnement, substituez toujours le concret, le defini aux affirmations indecises ou generales. He explains how not every man is born with the ability to be a philosophe but that every man is able to become enlightened; la faculte critique est quelq ue chose de positif en lhomme. Cest la joie detre libre de prejudges, de savoir que la raison est souverain en tout homme.[11] Voltaire wants every man to win the fight against superstition and false beliefs. Voltaire praises the other philosophes, for despite their differences, they are honnetes gensqui ne savent point ce qui est, mais qui savent fort bien ce qui nest pas.[12] They have called the world into question and although they do not have answers to much of it they have created the foundations upon which the Enlightenment can be built. Although Voltaires philosophy may be interpreted as somewhat pessimistic in terms of   the insignificance of man in terms of the universe, he is also optimistic in that man does have the capacity to think about things outside his world there is la misere de la condition humaine but also les grandes pensees, le ciel etoile dans sa legalite invariable, leternite dont lhomem essaye de surprendre le secret pendant le court instant dure sa pauv re existence instable.[13] The philosophes need to join together and give their mutual support to one another in order to win the fight against the enemy that seeks to continue its domination over unenlightened man. But by what means could Voltaires notion of an enlightened nation be achieved? In a letter to the Marquis dArgence de Dirac in 1764 he declares il ne faut pas disputer avec les gens entetesjamais la dispute na convaincu personne; on peut ramener les hommes en les faisant penser par eux memes, en paraisant douter avec eux, en les conduisant, comme par la main, sans quiils sen apercoivent. For Voltaire if all the philosophes were united in their philosophies and it worked its way peacefully through the masses then la plus belle à ©poque de lhistoire de lespirit humain would be born. From the advent of Christianity Voltaire believes that history has only been formed through errors and mistakes. In opposition to Montesquieu, he proposes all existing laws to be forgotten so that humanity can be re-rooted in reason and enlightened thinking. For Voltaire there is nothing to be learnt from history la critique historique decouvre partout la deraison dont temoignent les actes et les lois faites par les hommes, depuis que lEglise a fat regner la superstition dans le monde.[14] Man needs to be enlightened from this absurd world, created by generations of mans mistakes. Although on the face of it Voltaires analysis of the current situation could be interpreted as pessimistic he trusts that reason will prevail in allowing a new order to be created, as Groethuysen explains: la raison conduira la passionla passion devenue raison, la passion de la raison va posseder les hommes de la revolution francaise.[15] Montesquieu and Jean-Jacques Rousseau were also arguably among some of the most important Enlightenment thinkers contributing to the French Revolution. In terms of laws Montesquieu believed that all men should conform to laws and that they must begin by working to create worthy people.[16] Justice, for Montesquieu was a harmonious relationship which really exists between two things. This relationship never varies; whether it is viewed from the perspective of God, an angel, or of maneven if God did exist, we ought always to love justicejustice is eternal and nowise dependant on human conventions.[17] Justice was an absolute standard and laws must exist because they are just. Montesquieu saw man as a product of his environment and felt that man should adapt himself as best he could within this environment. Unlike Voltaire, Montesquieu did not see the need to rid the world of all its existing laws; instead he declares it is sometimes necessary to change certain laws, but such occasions are rare and when they arise one should only touch laws with a trembling hand.[18] This approach to the tampering with laws is not particularly revolutionary; however, he wanted all political societies to be judged on his absolute principles of justice and liberty. For Montesquieu the idea form of government took shape in a moderate government, however, he states that moderate governments are a masterpiece of legislation that chance produces very rarely and men rarely allow prudence to create[19] In de lEsprit des Lois, published in 1748 Montesquieu discusses the legality of laws and how to judge whether a law exists for the good of man. He believes that laws should be made in order to better mankind and to transform the existing system. All laws need to be judged as to whether they correspond or contradict the rights of man. For Montesquieu every law needs to be based on moral principles and should guide man towards morality. Cest dans les principes du droit que noud devons chercher la norme absolue qui nous permettra de construire une collectivite.[20] Montesquieu saw the intellectual world as a group of collectivites. The life of every individual is fundamentally conditioned by the community in which they live. A world of collectivites would create a new, happy people and man would achieve happiness in such a collectivite. It could be interpreted that Montesquieu sees France as a collectivite. Cest la nation qui seule peut se donner la loi.[21] Montesquieu wanted to see a change in the law-citizen relationship; he wanted it to change from man being the object of laws to man becoming the subject of legislative power. Montesquieu wanted human reason to be applied to the reality in which people lived. However, Montesquieus philosophy does not sit well with the French Revolution because his ideals of universal and absolute reason are only applicable to the world at large and which must govern the world at large. As a result, if these laws were to be implemented, one would only be implementing ideas based upon legality within nature. Montesquieu believed that the legislative and executive powers needed to be separate so that the citizens could not be oppressed and would remain free. For Montesquieu the main purpose of religion was to make better citizens; he believed that religious beliefs were a product of the environments in which people lived. Despite the fact that he believed that all religions strengthened the morality of the followers Montesquieu believed Christianity to be the most favourable in creating good citizens. Montesquieus de lEsprit des Lois put forward the notion of liberalism in which liberty could only be secured through a contrived equilibrium between the competing interests within society[22] Although Montesquieus message is not always clear within de lEsprit des Lois he does not waver from his belief that governments should act in the needs of the people, as opposed to being the means to change a society, that institutions and beliefs are the result of the environment and the actions of generations in the past and that there are moral imperatives that transcend time and which bind all men together. Fundamentally Montesquieu and Rousseau had conflicting concepts of freedom. As previously stated Montesquieu believed that freedom could be achieved in collectivites. Governments needed to respect the independence of these collectivites and vote in favour of the esprit general. On the other hand, Rousseaus notion of political freedom consisted of allowing man to achieve all he wanted, which was obviously in the best interest of the community at large. This would be achieved through the liberation of man from his state of ignorance by abolishing all existing institutions and denaturing man. One legislator would ensure this denaturing and change his existence through changing the society in which he lived. Despite Montesquieus belief that governments should let people pursue their own interests, he wanted the governments to pursue both freedom and justice it would be wrong to say to say that Montesquieu was not urging political action. Rousseau was urging for a regeneration of the cur rent system, and as Hampson explains this concept of regeneration was to become one of the most abused words of 1789.[23] Both Rousseau and Montesquieu had devoted a great deal of their time to political issues and had begun to challenge the existing political situation, however more writers needed to challenge the existing order but the influence of these philosophes in allowing revolutionary thinking and ideas to come into being cannot be understated. Montesquieu and Rousseaus impact in the years leading up to the Revolution took shape in numerous forms. There was constant reference to Montesquieu in the many pamphlets of literature of 1788 in support of the parlements challenge to the royal family. Lawyers were constantly referencing Montesquieu and De lesprit des lois. Furthermore, Rousseaus influence was also present with references to du Contrat social the state of monarchy is only useful for corrupted nations.[24] Other pamphlets draw on Rousseau to an even greater extent; man is born free, laws are acts of the general will, government is the agent of the general will and not a part to the social contract.[25] As Hampson further explains all the pamphlets shared a common vocabularythe subjects of the kingdom had been replaced by the citizens of the nation. Those of whom the writers approved were the enfants de la patrie and their opponents agents of ministerial despotism'[26] This is a clear demonstration of the influence of Rousseaus philosophy and his success in shaping revolutionary ideas through the use of this republican language. Billaud Varenne, was particularly influenced by the ideas of Rousseau and expressed his admiration for the fine works of Rousseau, who describes so well the power of the Supreme Being[27] In Varennes Despotisme des ministres de France Varenne echoes many of Rousseaus sentiments; superior by our knowledge, our industry and our force, to every nation in the universe, when we could be second Romans, betrayed by our generals, strangled by our ministers, every day we risk being subjugated to foreign domination or becoming wholly enslaved to our own[28] Moreover, Montesquieus philosophy was also put forward by Varenne in this three-volume work great agitation within a state should always be avoided as much as possible.[29] It is clear that the work of the philosophes had a major impact on the revolutionaries and fundamentally provided the intellectual stimulus upon which the re volutionaries could propose concrete changes contributing to the revolution of 1789. The expression of the philosophes ideals in the French Revolution Many modern day historians continue to argue that the link between Enlightenment thought and the French Revolution long pre-dated the revolution itself, claiming that many anti-philosophes were convinced that the philosophes were attempting to undermine and destabilise the already established order. Nonetheless, the revolutionaries claimed that the Revolution was a direct consequence of Enlightenment thinking; as Brissot boasted in 1791 Our revolution is not the fruit of an insurrection. It is the work of a half century of enlightenment. As Roland N. Stromberg explains Those who tried to guide the Revolution never ceased to legitimize or rationalize their actions by appealing to the words of Voltaire, Rousseau ,Montesquieu, Diderot, and other intellectual heroes of the Enlightenment, though they might do so selectively and erratically[30] Most damming in seeing the Revolution as the result of the Enlightenment is the fact that the majority of the remaining philosophes of the time did not agree with the Revolution. From the Holbach coterie, which included Raynal, Marmontel, Morellet and Grimm. With the onset of revolution, Raynal, who had written perhaps the most influential revolutionary piece of the 1770s, fled Paris. Morellet also declared that the French Revolution had created a state of anarchy and also left Paris. Further, Marmontel saw a dangerous fanaticism and the spirit of licence, faction and anarchy. Grimm, who had served a secretary of sorts to the philosophe movement also fled the country and returned to his native Germany and left his riches to be seized by the revolutionary government.   Alan Kors had named this group as the radical enlightenment group and argues that their opposition to the Revolution held true to their own Enlightenment views. The fact that the French Revolution had taken such an ir rational and anarchic course went against their beliefs in rational order and scientific method.[31] The philosophes favoured a far more gradual progression of the Revolution through reform and allowing the leaders and the population of France to come to understand the ideas of the Enlightenment. The Marquis de Condorcet, whose pure philosophy contributed a great deal to the Revolution still, on the Eve of the Revolution, believed that France could only solve its social and economic crises through the slow diffusion of Enlightenment ideas. His friend The Abbe Sieyes in the Societe de 1789, who essentially symbolised the Revolution of the Third Estate in 1789, also withdrew from politics in 1790 due to his disapproval of the path the Revolution had taken.  Ã‚   Of the philosophes still alive in 1789 the Cercle Social still made attempts to allow the ideas of the past be realised in modern day France. The Cercle Social was later to become the Girondist faction of the Revolution. The group had its own printing press, published journals and placed major emphasis on education of the ideas of the philosophes. Condorcet and Brissot were key members of this group and were determined to make Enlightenment ideals become part of the new emerging world. They wanted to spread the ideas of the Enlightenment and create a rational political institutions based on the ideas of the Enlightenment.[32] They believed that a sudden and aggressive move from one form of government to the next was not the way Revolution should be carried out, rather ideas needed to be understood by the everyday man so that his attitudes could be changed. The point that changes needed to take place on all levels of society is aptly explained by Foucault; nothing in society will be c hanged if the mechanisms of power that function outside, below and alongside the State apparatuses on a much more minute and everyday level are not also changed.[33] It was believed by these revolutionaries that France would become a nation devoted to the Revolution, in which Rousseau du Contrat Socials civil religion would become the new moral cement. Many of the revolutionaries began to see themselves as the priests of this new religion. These Girondists also believed that education could change human nature an idea derived from John Locke and put forward by Condillac in France. The Girondists were adamant that this could be achieved if the philosophes and revolutionaries were able to gain control of education they could mold a new species of mankind.[34] The Jacobins were even more extreme in their views on education as they wanted to take children away from their parents and indoctrinate them in new Enlightenment ideas. As Stromberg explains the philosophes had addressed only an elite, the next task was to expand this charmed circle to embrace the whole nation. However, Gary Kates argues that the Girondists were not a bourgeois party but a party of those who had come to understand the Enlightenment. Despite their will to see the ideas of the philosophes realised within the Revolution they proved to be ineffective politicians and thus were defeated by the Montagnards. Robespierrists felt that their enemies were far more educated than they were and attempted to confuse the masses with their complicated ideas of philosophy. Saint-Just declared that these enemies tried to fool people with complicated intellectual arguments. Robespierre himself was not an advocate of theory and declared it is not necessary to search in the books of political writers, who did not at all foresee the Revolution. Many historians have also questioned the extent to which Robespierre really was influenced by the philosophes given his suspiciousness of their ideas and many argue that he did not even have a very great knowledge of Rousseau, of whom he declared himself to have been greatly influenced. Brissot once called Robespierres speeches unintelligibility posing as profundity. The down with the philosophes slogan of the Jacobins is further evidence in proving the lack of respect that they had for the Enlightenment ideas of the 18th century. At this point it is clear that t he ideas of the philosophes were no longer attached to the Revolution the Jacobins were far more interested in politics than with the ideas of the Enlightenment and thus the Revolution broke away from the Enlightenment.[35] The Bourgeoisie and the Revolution The bourgeoisie and the educated classes played a major role in the French Revolution through the summoning of the Assembly. Between November 1788 and the meeting of the Estates General over 2,500 pamphlets were published. The ideas of the philosophes which were now being forwarded through the revolutionaries became of great interest to the bourgeoisie. The bourgeoisie began to focus on how the current system could be changed and how their desires might become a reality. The system of government had been attacked and criticised for decades prior to the Revolution the introduction of new ideas change to the existing constitutional and political situation had enlightened the bourgeoisie and fuelled their desire for change. 2 [1] BernardGroethuysen, Philosophie de la Rà ©volution Franà §aise, Page 82 [2] Ibid, Page 133 [3] Ibid, Page 135 [4] Ibid [5] Ibid, page 136 [6] Lettre de Voltaire a dAlembert, 26-XII en 1767 [7] Lettre de Voltaire a dAlembert, 26-VI en 1766 [8] Lettre de Voltaire a dAlembert, 26-VIII en 1766 [9] Page 155, Groethuysen [10] Ibid [11] [12] Letter page 158 [13] Page 161 [14] Philosophie de la Revolution Francaise, page 166 [15] Ibid, page 167 [16] Cahiers, I/393 Grasset, page 119 [17] Lettres Persanes, LXXXIII [18] Ibid CXXIX [19] De lespirit des lois, V/14 [20] Philosophie de la Revolution Francaise, page 128 [21] Philosophie de la Revolution Francaise, page 130 [22] Will and Circumstance, Norman Hampton, Page 24 [23] Will and Circumstance, Norman Hampton, Page 58 [24] Will and Circumstance, Norman Hampton, Page 60 [25] Ibid, page 61 [26] Ibid [27] Le dernier coup porte aux prejuges et a la superstition, London, 1789, page 348 [28] Despotisme des ministres de France, Amsterdam, 1789, 3rd Volume, Page 209 [29] Ibid, Page 243 [30] The Philosophes and the French Revolution, Some Reflections on recent research, Roland N. Stromberg, Page 323

Dead Men In Literature :: essays research papers

The Dead Man and the Cure   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The desert was the apotheosis of all deserts, huge expanding into dusty nothingness in all directions. The dying man walked and his footfalls puffed indifferently. He did not know how much longer his feet or his soul would carry him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  His death was certain, for they all had told him. He knew his doom and the incurable pain of the world gone mad. He had visited the church and the ones in robes said he was damned by whatever gods they prayed to. He had studied at the academy in an attempt to find answers to his affliction, but found only the stench of scholarly bull-shit. He had placed his heart in the hand of whore-oracles in a quest for the one solution only to be shattered and sucked like a dry husk. He grew closed to the death and the depth of being, which he hated.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He had come to the desert with dead eyes and will to burn. He walked the walk of the last rited and welcomed the sting of the dry sand when it would touch his lips.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He walked on and felt the last essence drain the will removing itself. He stared into the open space of a cold- fire heaven fell to his knees and performed the act of contrition for he had embraced the fate of the hollow empty man he had become. In gasp he fell total into the flatness of the wasteland and waited to die. The world was colorless to him before, but now it was black.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Later in the curious muse of time a dark natty haired French-man and his beautiful companion with a case came upon the fallen man. The French-man took one look at the man and knew what he must do. The French-man leaned over and placed a small magic plastic puck in the man’s flannel and showed him the life of fun and camaraderie like a brother. They showed him the gift of crazy times, the Zen of air-hockey, and appreciation of odd theatre. Still he lay and they walked away, but before the French-man left he yelled â€Å"SHOTGUN!† The dead man stirred the tiniest bit.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Next a woman loud and wild came to the man. She picked up his head which where the skin had pulled tight against his body opened his lips and placed a small brightly colored piece of candy in his mouth.

Database Implementation Plan for Riordan Manufacturing

Database Implementation Plan for Riordan Manufacturing Riordan Manufacturing has asked our firm, LTB and Associates, to develop a web-based plan to be used as a Business-to-Business web site in order to purchase materials from their vendors. We have examined Riordan’s products and business systems, interviewed Riordan’s employees, and have determined the best course of action to implement the plan. Riordan Manufacturing is a plastics manufacturer based in several locations across the world. With three plants based in the continental US, which are located in Albany, Georgia; Pontiac Michigan; and in San Jose, California, which is the company headquarters. A fourth plant is located in Hangzhou, China will not be part of the plan as they purchase materials locally. This where we explain how the database will be set up. Refer to the ERD, Sequence diagram, Use Case diagram, and Class Diagram that follow [pic] [pic] The following paragraphs will describe the considerations that Riordan Manufacturing will need to make in implementing the database plan.Database Management System and Data Where ever it is possible to for our firm to do so, LTB and Associates will make a recommendation on the choice to make. In order to implement the database properly, these recommendations should be implemented in order to offer the tightest amount of security that will be possible. Type of Online Processing Riordan Manufacturing will need to decide between real-time asynchronous processing and batch processing. Real-time asynchronous processing is applicable when the processing must be performed immediately or when the results must eventually be communicated back to an on-line user. One of the problems with real-time processing is that real-time timers and events are required; they are expensive as the computer resources that are used to raise, maintain and check events. Another problem with timer or even processes is that they create locking problems as they may contend with on-line processes for resources and for access the same data. Batch solutions are ideal for processing that is not real-time event based. Batch processes are data-centric and can efficiently process large volumes of data off-line without affecting the company’s on-line system. Batch processing will allow business function to execute on a periodic or recurring basis; or it can operate over data that matches a given criteria. After studying Riordan Manufacturing’s Inventory and Supply Chain processes, the recommendation is for the company to go with batch processing for replenishment of raw materials for the operations. With daily reporting of the materials used at the end of each manufacturing run as the current method of inventory control, batch processing will work well. While real-time processing works well for online shopping, it is not the best approach to take for this application. Access Privileges Normally it is not considered a good security risk to grant access to individuals/companies who are located outside of the normal company network and/or firewall. But in order to provide a better integration of the database between Riordan Manufacturing and vendors/suppliers it is necessary to allow limited access. Riordan shall determine the types of privileges to grant to vendors. These privileges include (a) view, (b) insert, (c) update, and (d) delete (logical deletion only). Riordan shall also determine the type of data vendor should be able to access. The data should only relate to the materials that have been used in the daily manufacturing run; materials that have been previously placed on order; and the estimated projections of materials needed for the upcoming week. This will allow both Riordan Manufacturing and the suppliers to determine the present and short-term inventory needs. Bandwidth High speed access of the Internet has decreased in cost in recent years and the increased utility and the increased ease of use versus the cost of acquiring and maintaining the access has become more financially feasible. LTB and Associates recommend that Riordan acquire the appropriate bandwidth that will allow for the effective flow of information and which will support concurrent access of the company database. Security With the ever-growing threats that are present in the web-based global economy, there is an increased awareness of security. This includes both corporate and political terrorism as well as the knowledgeable lone user bent on mischief. LTB and Associates recommend that the administration plan should ensure that there are methods of data security implemented as information travels over the internet. An effective firewall should be implemented to deny access to unauthorized people. Data should be encrypted. Whenever possible, a Virtual Private Network be established between Riordan Manufacturing and the larger and more critical suppliers Database Administration Plan To ensure the productivity, continuity, and performance of the database for Riordan, proper maintenance, database backup, and change management procedures must be developed and implemented. The database must be backed up regularly in case the system needs to be restored due to data corruption or the loss of the data center due to natural or man-made disasters. Database backups are also critical for testing upgrades, fixes, and enhancements that will need to be migrated into production. Periodic maintenance is also a key to database performance and continuity. Applying operating system patches and security updates to the servers that house the databases help keep the software updated and the servers performing efficiently. Consistent re-indexing of the database can help keep performance high as the database grows in size. Another very important part of administering a database is change management. Database upgrades, fixes, and enhancements must be tested and implemented in a manner that minimizes potential errors, disruption to users, and preserves an audit trail for troubleshooting and compliance issues. Database Backup Plan In order to minimize potential data loss and downtime, the database will be backed up each night and stored in a secure location on the network. Storing the backups on the network will help facilitate transferring the backup to the disaster recovery site. Once the backup is created and stored on the network, a copy will be encrypted and transmitted to the disaster recovery ite. The backup can then be easily restored at the disaster recovery site as needed, or used in a development environment for testing upgrades, fixes, and enhancements. Database administrators will also have the ability to create backups as needed for testing or emergency purposes. Database backups will be restored to the disaster recovery database at least bi-monthly to verify that the backups are generating correctly and that the disaster recovery-restore process is working as it should. Maintenance Plan Once a month, the database servers will undergo scheduled maintenance. Operating system patches, security updates, and database application patches will be applied to the hardware housing the database in order to ensure the system is kept up to date. Database hardware will also undergo diagnostic checks to ensure everything is working properly. At this time the database will also be re-indexed to preserve performance as the database grows. The patches, security updates, and database application patches will be applied to the development servers one week prior to implementation on the production server. Applying the maintenance related patches to the development system a week prior to implementation in the production system will allow time to monitor the development systems for any issues resulting from the patches and ensure the patches are safe to install into production. For emergency maintenance issues such as hardware failures or power outages, the disaster recovery database will be restored from the latest production backup and work should be closely coordinated with the server team to ensure proper procedures are followed. Change Management The backbone to any administration plan is change management. Maintenance, database backups, upgrades, and other events must be carefully tested, planned, and executed to minimize potential consequences including data corruption and downtime, and changes must be closely tracked to preserve the integrity of the database, maintain a log of changes for troubleshooting potential issues, and ensure proper testing and compliance controls are met. The database team will use Microsoft’s Visual Source Safe (VSS) as the main tool for version control. Patches, fix scripts, and any other code that applies to the databases will be stored in VSS and roper code check in and check out procedures will be followed to ensure the proper code changes are migrated to the database. Only database administrators will have the ability to migrate changes to the databases. Developers can check out and modify code, but cannot implement any changes in the databases. All changes will be properly tested in a development database and signed off on by the appropriate par ties. A network of IT and business â€Å"approvers† will be established for each business area (for example: accounting, procurement, sales, etc. ) and will be responsible for signing off on changes that affect their particular areas. There will be at least one main approver and one backup approver that are subject matter experts for their respective business areas so that all areas utilizing the database will have a representative. Approvers will be the preferred testers, but other users may test changes as long as the approvers review the test results prior to signing off on the test. Signoff for changes will be obtained via email using a template that details the change to be made, a tracking number for the change, and the location in VSS where the change is stored, so that the database administrators will be able to pull the change directly from VSS for implementation. Database administrators will not proceed with migration of a change until all appropriate approvers have responded in the affirmative. Disaster Recovery Plan (DRP) While preparing a disaster recovery plan (DRP), it is essential to think about the hardware, software and data that will be used to allow for an organization to continue operations in the event of a natural disaster or a disaster caused by human hands. In considering the idea of protection of the database, this plan will not only help preserve the company’s investment but also secure the customers faith in Riordan. Some companies spend some 25% of their information technology budget on disaster recovery plans. LTB and Associates recommends the implementation of a DRP. The cost of implantation and the subsequent maintenance versus the cost of a data loss is negligible in the impact it would have. The first step in drafting a disaster recovery plan is conducting a thorough risk analysis of the database systems. Make a list all the possible threats to system operation and evaluate the likelihood of their occurrence. The threats can include electronic-based; such as virus attacks or data deletions, deliberate or accidental; and natural disasters, such as fire, flood, storm or earthquake. Once the threats have been identified and ranked in likelihood of occurrence; what can be done to minimize or limit the impact from these disasters. The more preventative actions we can establish in the beginning the better. It is better to take a proactive rather than a reactive approach in determining and documenting the DRP. The recovery procedure will be written in a detailed plan defining the roles and responsibilities of the IT staff. Defining how to compensate for the loss of various aspects of the network (databases, servers, communications links, etc. ) and specify who will arrange for these repairs and how the data recovery process will occur. Communication Plan During a disaster situation, all parts of the communication plan should be cleared with a central location. All information should be reviewed by management before being released. LTB and Associates recommend that the following steps be implemented. 1. Communication methods need to be established in advance. (Wireless or satellite telephone systems, email address, etc†¦) 2. Develop templates for press releases, and include the skill sets of key employees, customer information, supplier information. Include maps of locations that may be difficult to communicate in. Develop logs that can be used to track incoming and outgoing communications. 3. Make sure that these processes are easy to understand. 4. Develop a contingency plan should the computer network where data is stored is damaged. Use text files and several copies in different storage devices and store this information in a remote server or on removable media which is then stored offsite. 5. Determine what is to be considered as privileged/proprietary information; establish which levels of management and the key personnel to have access to the information; and the approvals for accessing the information 6. Develop a set of detailed documents and instructions that can be shared with employees. . Establish a set of technology based tools. 8. Develop a detailed training plan; be sure to include all key personnel, top management and support personnel that can interface with customer and/or suppliers. 9. Develop relationships with News Service agencies. 10. Establish and train employees as observers to watch for individuals with microphones and notepads; make sure they are aware of the proper channels of communications. 11. D o plan periodic mock scenarios and drills of disasters in order to review the DRP. LTB and Associates recommends that the follow items be purchased, maintained, implemented, and stringently adhered to at every Riordan Manufacturing plant in the continental USA. †¢ Prevention Plan †¢ An electronic manual. †¢ A printed hardcopy manual. †¢ Data and Software Backups †¢ Daily backups, local to each plant and stored offsite. †¢ Weekly backup, to be performed system-wide by the Atlanta, Georgia plant and stored offsite. †¢ Storage area networks. †¢ Surge Protectors and Power Supply Fault Switches. †¢ Anti Virus, Firewall and Security Software. †¢ Fire Prevention and Detection Smoke detectors and fire alarm systems. †¢ Fire extinguishers. †¢ Review and update insurance policies for all facilities and equipment. Disaster Recovery Process. In the event of a disaster occurring at any Riordan Manufacturing plant the following steps should be taken to restore the operation of the system to normal operation. The steps c an apply to any and all sites. 1. Contact the proper level of management and notify pertinent personnel a. Determine if the equipment is functional and has suffered no damage. b. Repair or replace the equipment as needed per the situation. 2. Retrieve the latest weekly backup from the Atlanta, Georgia server and/or facility. (Note – if the Atlanta plant is the affected plant, retrieve the last weekly back up from the offsite storage facility) 3. Restore the database to the server. Perform a system check for proper operation. 4. Retrieve the latest daily backup from the offsite storage facility. 5. Restore the database to the server. Perform a system check for proper operation. 6. Retrieve and key in any pertinent data that was recorded on hardcopy sources from the affected plant and double check accuracy with personnel if possible.

Definition and Examples of Duality of Patterning

Definition and Examples of Duality of Patterning Duality of patterning is a characteristic of human language whereby speech can be analyzed on two levels: As made up of meaningless elements;  i.e., a limited inventory of sounds or phonemesAs made up of meaningful elements; i.e., a virtually limitless inventory of words  or morphemes  (also called  double articulation) Definition [D]uality of patterning, says  David Ludden, is what gives language such expressive power. Spoken languages are composed of a limited set of meaningless speech sounds that are combined according to rules to form meaningful words (The Psychology of Language: An Integrated Approach, 2016). The significance of duality of patterning as one of the 13 (later 16) design features of language was noted by American linguist Charles F. Hockett in 1960. Examples and Observations Human language is organized at two levels or layers simultaneously. This property is called duality (or double articulation). In speech production, we have a physical level at which we can produce individual sounds, like n, b and i. As individual sounds, none of these discrete forms has any intrinsic meaning. In a particular combination such as bin, we have another level producing a meaning that is different from the meaning of the combination in nib. So, at one level, we have distinct sounds, and, at another level, we have distinct meanings. This duality of levels is, in fact, one of the most economical features of human language because, with a limited set of discrete sounds, we are capable of producing a very large number of sound combinations (e.g. words) which are distinct in meaning.(George Yule, The Study of Language, 3rd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2006) Duality of Language and Animal Communication The level of sounds and syllables is the province of phonology, while that of meaningful elements is the province of grammar and semantics. Has this kind of duality any analog in animal communication systems?... The short answer to [that] question seems to be no.(Andrew Carstairs-McCarthy, The Origins of Complex Language: An Inquiry Into the Evolutionary Beginnings of Sentences, Syllables, and Truth. Oxford University Press, 1999) It is hard to find clear and uncontroversial examples of duality of patterning outside our own species. But let us say that we can find them- and there is evidence, from the way some animals like birds and dolphins manipulate melodies, that this might be true. This would mean that duality of patterning is a necessary condition for a communication system to be a human language, but that by itself it may not be enough. There is no human language without duality of patterning.(Daniel L. Everett, Language: The Cultural Tool. Random House, 2012) Hockett on Duality of Patterning [Charles] Hockett developed the phrase duality of patterning to express the fact that discrete units of language at one level (such as the level of sounds) can be combined to create different kinds of units at a different level (such as words)... According to Hockett, duality of patterning was probably the last feature to emerge in human language, and it was critical in separating human language from other kinds of primate communication...The most difficult bit to figure out is how and when duality of patterning could have emerged. How did individuals manage to isolate various bits of calls so that they could be endlessly combined into arbitrary symbols? Hockett thought that if two calls each had two distinct parts, then perhaps something in the blending process might alert individuals to the existence of discrete units. If you can combine breakfast and lunch into brunch, then does that alert you to the possibility that br is a distinct unit of sound that is combinable with other dis tinct units of sound? Solving this puzzle remains one of the thorniest of the problems in determining how language became possible.(Harriet Ottenheimer, The Anthropology of Language: An Introduction to Linguistic Anthropology. Wadsworth, 2009) The Structures of Phonology and Syntax The question of whether the structures of phonology and syntax are separate and distinct is relevant to the notion of duality of patterning... The division between meaningful and meaningless elements is less sharp than it appears, and the fact that words are composed of phonemes is arguably just a special case of the pervasive hierarchical structure that is present in language...Of all Hocketts design features, duality of patterning is the most misrepresented and misunderstood; in particular, it is frequently conflated with or linked to productivity (Fitch 2010). Hockett seems to have regarded duality of patterning as the single most important breakthrough in the evolution of language (Hockett 1973: 414), yet he himself was unsure whether to ascribe duality of patterning to the dance of the honeybee (Hackett 1958: 574).(D.R. Ladd, An Integrated View of Phonetics, Phonology, and Prosody. Language, Music, and the Brain: A Mysterious Relationship, ed. by Michael A. Arbib. MIT Press, 201 3)

Myth and creation

Myth and creation Introduction This paper presents theories of myths and its application to creation myths. It is important to understand that mythology is among the oldest area of study ventured into by enthusiastic scholars. Through time, man has been searching for answers to how the world and its content or rather mankind was created. This longing to explore on the nature of creation through vivid accounts or tales, prompted the materialization of way of life and custom which in the long run led to formation of religions and subsequent change in approach to life. Myths Scott (2004) mentioned that ‘myth’ which is an English word was derived from Greek word ‘Mythos’. In his study, Scott (2004) stated that the Greek word meant ‘divinely inspired’. However the word ‘myth’ has been a subject for debate by many philosophers and theologians. Plato in 300BCE compared the term myth with deceit while Hesoid, 700BCE, explained the term myth as having emanate d from the divine. Stakeholders in early Catholic Church weighed the ‘sham’ gods of the Greek against Jesus. This comparison entailed use of euhemerism. The subsequent effect was emergence of new tales in a bid to illustrate the dominance of Christian theologies over the Greeks’ unbelievable anecdote. These early perception of myths may have contributed to the present definition of the society with reference to culture. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Myth and creation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More An example is African maasai whose culture is defined by the practice of pastoral farming. Human psychology, language, environment and historical factors are some of the specifics used to explore myths. Scott (2004) agrees that the context i.e. the tale and its impact on the general public, is critical in understanding the actual meaning of a myth. Theories of myth In a nutshell, the following theo ries are relevant in a quest to understand myths. These were pointed out in a study by Scott (2004) and include, ‘rational, functional, structural, and psychological myth theory’. While rational theory focused on myths as an agent meant to clarify events and forces, functional theory simply explained the role of myths in controlling the society. Psychological theory is specific on myths as having its roots in human feelings. Rational theory As introduced earlier, rational theory explicates that myths were meant to instill in people an understanding of natural events and forces taking place on a daily basis. In this case, the daily experiences (like rain, winds, and nature in general) are better explained by myths. The theory emphasizes that gods and goddesses play a significant role in manipulating natural world. A myth on creation, which expounds on how man came into being falls under rational theory. Creation myth further specifies the components and procedures empl oyed by gods and goddesses in creating man and the world at large. Although the nature of man is seen to take a natural path, myth on creation is specific on the role played by gods in bringing man to existence. The bible is one of the guides exploring on the nature of man. Functional theory This theory states the responsibility of myths in disseminating knowledge on morals and societal norms. As a result, a myth shapes the society by elaborating on a recommended course of action i.e. the difference between right and wrong. According to the theory any misdeed has its consequences. Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To control and ensure that the society was stable, myths were captured. An example of a functional myth is a tale of the Good Samaritan featured in the bible. This tale educates the young generation on the definition of a good neighbor and its benefits. This has the end result of building a regular society. From this example, functional theory considers the wider view of the world and the description of good character in a society. Structural theory The theory lays emphasis on the role of myths in bringing together conflicting sides. In a study by Scott (2004), a myth arbitrates disagreeing essentials of a society and general life. Disagreements exist because of dual pattern in life. A bad thing can be deduced because of the ability to point out a good one. In other words, there exist two sides of a coin; love and hate, right and wrong etc. Structuralism therefore settles down these disparities by way of making numerous references while putting together varied view points to settle on a widely accepted norm. The nature of man and their minds plays a role in forming such acceptable patterns in a society consequently resolving inconsistencies. Creation myths to explain the theories This myth describes the viewpoint of a culture on h ow their nature came into being. The myth captures the use of imagery in expressing the position held by man. Media used in delivery of the content is oral. African maasai perceives the creator of mankind to be Enkai who gave their father a stick. This is evident in the present culture where maasai herds domestic animals. The myth has some truth in it having exploited the rational theory. In India, Buddha maintains that man should not question the origin of life since it can cause madness but focus on gaining enlightenment which will save man from suffering. The basis of the argument is on the parable of the poison arrow. From this teaching, man should not question the origin of life but concentrate on shaping life. Conclusion Structuralism, functionalism and rationalism theories are pertinent as man continuously search for insight into environment and human interaction. Rational theory explains the reasons behind the natural events like rain and drought. On the other hand structur alism expounds on the role of myths in settling contentious issues by forming agreeable patterns. Finally, functional theory points out the role of myths in maintenance of peace and order by recommending good morals and norms. Reference Scott, L., McClure, M. (2004). Myth knowing: An introduction to world mythology. New York: McGraw Hill.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Myth and creation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More

Compare and contrast two plays, Dr. Fausto and The Importance of Being Essay

Compare and contrast two plays, Dr. Fausto and The Importance of Being Earnest, which address a specific moral or social theme - Essay Example However, both of these plays also directly address the question of morality, or perhaps immorality would be a better term, of deliberate deception. Within Wilde’s play, more than one character pretends to be someone or something different from what they really are. They are only able to achieve a state of true happiness when they ‘come clean’ about their identities, thus fulfilling the name of the play by illustrating the importance of being earnest, which is another term for honest and sincere. Marlowe’s story focuses more on the darker elements or consequences of deception as his character perpetrates a number of cruel tricks to fulfill his own sense of amusement, fooling both himself and others until he finally comes to realize the true horror of his own doom. Although the course of events is much different from Wilde to Marlowe leading to necessarily differing conclusions regarding the consequences of deception, both playwrights attempt to convey to the ir audiences that deception, no matter what its form or intent, is rarely if ever worth the trouble it creates. Within each of these plays, deception is seen as the only means by which the characters can achieve their own personal inner desires from life. Approaching the lighter of the two plays first, the primary characters in Wilde’s play are Jack Worthing and Algernon ‘Algy’ Moncrieff. As the play begins, it becomes immediately obvious that both of these characters feel severely hampered in pursuing their interests by the rigid conventions of polite society. The only means they discover to escape these constraints is to invent an alter ago who provides them with the means of adopting an entirely different persona. While their individual games are not specifically designed to bring harm upon anyone, the complications that ensue when each of these

Management International and Comparative HRM Essay

Management International and Comparative HRM - Essay Example Globalization widens the gap between rich and poor. The implications of globalization are required to be incorporated by the governments in its policies and the companies are required to cope with it in order to survive in the industry. The public in many countries become anxious as it may affect the culture and values negatively or it may displace jobs. There are both losers and gainers in the process of globalization. There is a fear regarding globalization that it may widen the gulf between have and have not’s, strong and weak, traditional and modern (Poole, 1999, p.75). In one side, it enrich the people or countries to take the advantage or lead the process while on the other side, it will leave behind many others who will be worse or marginalized. The cultural and economic globalization is growing through many countries. The persistence of poverty, growing inequities among and within countries and the link between phenomenon’s is very strong. The external envir onment has been more significant in influencing the level of available resources and the way they are used. The thesis of strong globalization argues that the growing pervasiveness of multinational enterprises is creating a borderless world where the economic and political interventions undertaken by nation states are becoming increasingly meaningless (Briscoe, Schuler and Tarique, 2012, pp.56-57). In other words, the public policies implemented by national legislatures for regulating the activities of multinational companies are increasingly becoming ineffective. Globalization need not necessarily be bad. But it can have more negative effects on the countries that are not prepared to adapt globalization. There has been a return to... This paper stresses that the success of international human resource management in future depends on the ability of companies in developing the executives of international human resource with a broad global perspective having a global mindset, strong strategic and technical business skills and international experience. The function of international human resource management is faced with many challenges in the hyper-competitive and chaotic global market place of today. The multinational enterprises are required to confront with these issues now and in future. The vocational training is not offered there in companies and there exist few relations of union. The market is mainly based on competition. Germany has a typical structure of governance which is based on the insider forms like bank loans. There, the relations of employee are assumed for longer term and in the training process of companies, vocational training is normally offered. The market is based mainly on collaborative netw orks. The trade unions commonly exist in industry. This report makes a conclusion that the international human resource departments are required to provide and develop the support services at international level. The continuing globalization or internationalization of human resource management parallels the continuing globalization or internationalization of business. The firms are required to make its development and increase the professionalization of international human resource management to be called global human resource management.

Chemical enginering assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Chemical enginering assignment - Essay Example The acetic acid which is the vapour is then cooled to obtain its distillate. From the cooler the acetic acid stream containing paracetamol and water (product) enters evaporator for concentration (increasing its concentration) by removal of certain portions of water from the product. Consider the flow diagram below; According to mass balance principle, mass of materials entering a system is equal to the mass of materials leaving the system assuming that there are neither losses within the system nor losses associated with the processes under which the materials entering the system undergo (Wacharawichanant 2012). This can be expressed mathematically as shown below, As of the case of processing paracetamol, the rate of mass of products (paracetamol) entering the evaporator is equal to rate of mass of mass of concentrate leaving the system plus rate of mass of vapour leaving the system. Mass balance can be expressed mathematically as shown below, (consider Figure 1) The mass of the products from cooler, (the mass of Acetic acid + Water + paracetamol) was 2319 Kg per hour (Kg/hr) (From L-37) of the Engineering line diagram (report 2). After evaporation the mass of the concentrate obtained per hour was 1380.85 Kg per hour. Therefore, the mass of the vapour (acetic acid vapur) assuming that no loss occurred as a result of evaporation process can be calculated as follows. In order that required quantity of paracetamol per year is obtained, and assuming other factors are constant, the product from the cooler should be fed at rate of 2319 Kilograms per hour or 55656 Kilograms per day (assuming that the plant will work 24 hours per day). A measure of concentration process that takes place in the evaporator is what is known as evaporation ratio, and it is calculated as shown above. When concentrating the solution F (dilute paracetamol) at a steady rate, the concentration rate starts

Why would a firm want to become a multinational Essay Example for Free

Why would a firm want to become a multinational Essay Let’s be clear about what we mean by a multinational. This is a firm that extends beyond the borders of an individual nation and operates with affiliates and branches in at least two countries. A multinational organizes phases for producing goods and services to sell in different countries. For example, many car companies have mastered the so-called international segmentation of production, which works like this: A Toyota vehicle assembled in San Antonio may have been designed at the Toyota design center in Australia; the vehicle’s aluminum-wheel components may have been produced in Delta, British Columbia; and its other components may have been produced in yet another location. Other multinationals replicate entire production processes in different countries. Consider Coca-Cola. If you are visiting Poland, the Coke you drink probably was produced in a plant in Lodz, Poland, not in the United States, although the brand and the company hail from the U. S. International business scholars and economists have observed that firms become multinationals to exploit three broadly defined sets of advantages. The first is ownership advantage. Multinational firms usually develop and own proprietary technology (the Coca-Cola formula is patented and kept extremely secret) or widely recognized brands (such as Ferrari) that other competitors cannot use. Multinationals often are technological leaders and invest heavily in developing new products, processes and brands, while usually keeping them confidential and protected by intellectual property rights. Maintaining stronger protection of these elements helps firms enjoy greater profits from innovation. Second, consider localization advantage. Multinationals usually try to build facilities that produce and sell their products in locations near the consumer (the Polish consumers of Coke in our example). This helps reduce transportation costs or helps the company fit in better with local tastes and needs. Proximity to demand also helps firms adapt their products and services to different markets. At the same time, they also may take advantage of lower production costs (for example, labor costs, energy, sometimes even lower environmental standards) or more abundant production factors, such as expert engineering or greater raw materials). For example, the Polish affiliate of Coca-Cola also owns bottling plants in the Beskidy Mountains region of Poland, which is rich in mineral water for making other beverages. Finally, multinationals want to internalize the e benefits from owning a particular technology, brand, expertise or patents that they find too risky or unprofitable to rent or license to other firms. Enforcing international contracts can be costly or ineffective in countries in which the rule of law is weak and court procedures are long and inefficient. In these cases, the company also may risk losing its ownership advantage, which it has created at a substantial cost.