Chemical enginering assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Chemical enginering assignment - Essay Example The acetic acid which is the vapour is then cooled to obtain its distillate. From the cooler the acetic acid stream containing paracetamol and water (product) enters evaporator for concentration (increasing its concentration) by removal of certain portions of water from the product. Consider the flow diagram below; According to mass balance principle, mass of materials entering a system is equal to the mass of materials leaving the system assuming that there are neither losses within the system nor losses associated with the processes under which the materials entering the system undergo (Wacharawichanant 2012). This can be expressed mathematically as shown below, As of the case of processing paracetamol, the rate of mass of products (paracetamol) entering the evaporator is equal to rate of mass of mass of concentrate leaving the system plus rate of mass of vapour leaving the system. Mass balance can be expressed mathematically as shown below, (consider Figure 1) The mass of the products from cooler, (the mass of Acetic acid + Water + paracetamol) was 2319 Kg per hour (Kg/hr) (From L-37) of the Engineering line diagram (report 2). After evaporation the mass of the concentrate obtained per hour was 1380.85 Kg per hour. Therefore, the mass of the vapour (acetic acid vapur) assuming that no loss occurred as a result of evaporation process can be calculated as follows. In order that required quantity of paracetamol per year is obtained, and assuming other factors are constant, the product from the cooler should be fed at rate of 2319 Kilograms per hour or 55656 Kilograms per day (assuming that the plant will work 24 hours per day). A measure of concentration process that takes place in the evaporator is what is known as evaporation ratio, and it is calculated as shown above. When concentrating the solution F (dilute paracetamol) at a steady rate, the concentration rate starts

Why would a firm want to become a multinational Essay Example for Free

Why would a firm want to become a multinational Essay Let’s be clear about what we mean by a multinational. This is a firm that extends beyond the borders of an individual nation and operates with affiliates and branches in at least two countries. A multinational organizes phases for producing goods and services to sell in different countries. For example, many car companies have mastered the so-called international segmentation of production, which works like this: A Toyota vehicle assembled in San Antonio may have been designed at the Toyota design center in Australia; the vehicle’s aluminum-wheel components may have been produced in Delta, British Columbia; and its other components may have been produced in yet another location. Other multinationals replicate entire production processes in different countries. Consider Coca-Cola. If you are visiting Poland, the Coke you drink probably was produced in a plant in Lodz, Poland, not in the United States, although the brand and the company hail from the U. S. International business scholars and economists have observed that firms become multinationals to exploit three broadly defined sets of advantages. The first is ownership advantage. Multinational firms usually develop and own proprietary technology (the Coca-Cola formula is patented and kept extremely secret) or widely recognized brands (such as Ferrari) that other competitors cannot use. Multinationals often are technological leaders and invest heavily in developing new products, processes and brands, while usually keeping them confidential and protected by intellectual property rights. Maintaining stronger protection of these elements helps firms enjoy greater profits from innovation. Second, consider localization advantage. Multinationals usually try to build facilities that produce and sell their products in locations near the consumer (the Polish consumers of Coke in our example). This helps reduce transportation costs or helps the company fit in better with local tastes and needs. Proximity to demand also helps firms adapt their products and services to different markets. At the same time, they also may take advantage of lower production costs (for example, labor costs, energy, sometimes even lower environmental standards) or more abundant production factors, such as expert engineering or greater raw materials). For example, the Polish affiliate of Coca-Cola also owns bottling plants in the Beskidy Mountains region of Poland, which is rich in mineral water for making other beverages. Finally, multinationals want to internalize the e benefits from owning a particular technology, brand, expertise or patents that they find too risky or unprofitable to rent or license to other firms. Enforcing international contracts can be costly or ineffective in countries in which the rule of law is weak and court procedures are long and inefficient. In these cases, the company also may risk losing its ownership advantage, which it has created at a substantial cost.

I.t. Doctors Database Analysis :: essays research papers

There are some parts of a Doctor’s Surgery that could benefit from computerisation. As time goes on technology will aid most types of work, for instance office work (Department of Trade and Industry, for example). Technology could be used in a Doctor’s surgery to computerise the patients’ files, to print out prescriptions and certificates for things like immunisations. The patients’ file would consist of their name & address, telephone number, D.O.B, sex, allergies, and diseases. In addition, it will be faster for the doctor to access his or her files because they are all just a few clicks of a mouse button away instead of loads of paper-based files in a big fat cabinet away. If you were to misplace a file in your office, it would probably be hard to find it, whereas if you lost a file on a computer you could use the find utility in Microsoft Windows 95, 98 or 2000 (by pressing the button and F at the same time) and the file would be found in a few seconds. On a computer you could automatically put the files in alphabetical order by whatever- name, GP, date of birth e.t.c. However, in an office cabinet it really would not be easy at all to put and keep the files in some sort of alphabetical sequence. Currently the database is pen-and-paper based, which may be cost effective but is very time-consuming when compared to a computer-based database. Say you have a paper-based database. If one of your clients move house or get married, you would have to create a whole new record because of the altered information. And say it was a family who moved residence, and then after you made the new records the parents got married. It would cause a lot of hassle and waste a lot of time, wouldn’t it? The doctor would get annoyed searching for people’s files and they would take longer to get through things, which means less appointments every day. The dilemma is that I need to make a database to answer all these problems. I will make a database for a doctor’s surgery so the doctors can look up and alter the files of their patients with just the click of a button. The database will be able to find their medical record (allergies, etc.), their home address, their home phone number, their allergies (if any), and their diseases (if any). I.t. Doctors Database Analysis :: essays research papers There are some parts of a Doctor’s Surgery that could benefit from computerisation. As time goes on technology will aid most types of work, for instance office work (Department of Trade and Industry, for example). Technology could be used in a Doctor’s surgery to computerise the patients’ files, to print out prescriptions and certificates for things like immunisations. The patients’ file would consist of their name & address, telephone number, D.O.B, sex, allergies, and diseases. In addition, it will be faster for the doctor to access his or her files because they are all just a few clicks of a mouse button away instead of loads of paper-based files in a big fat cabinet away. If you were to misplace a file in your office, it would probably be hard to find it, whereas if you lost a file on a computer you could use the find utility in Microsoft Windows 95, 98 or 2000 (by pressing the button and F at the same time) and the file would be found in a few seconds. On a computer you could automatically put the files in alphabetical order by whatever- name, GP, date of birth e.t.c. However, in an office cabinet it really would not be easy at all to put and keep the files in some sort of alphabetical sequence. Currently the database is pen-and-paper based, which may be cost effective but is very time-consuming when compared to a computer-based database. Say you have a paper-based database. If one of your clients move house or get married, you would have to create a whole new record because of the altered information. And say it was a family who moved residence, and then after you made the new records the parents got married. It would cause a lot of hassle and waste a lot of time, wouldn’t it? The doctor would get annoyed searching for people’s files and they would take longer to get through things, which means less appointments every day. The dilemma is that I need to make a database to answer all these problems. I will make a database for a doctor’s surgery so the doctors can look up and alter the files of their patients with just the click of a button. The database will be able to find their medical record (allergies, etc.), their home address, their home phone number, their allergies (if any), and their diseases (if any).

Major World War I Battles Essay

1914- The First Battle of the Marne. Up until September of 1914, the German army had steadily advanced through Belgium and France and was nearing the capital of France, Paris. Luckily, in the First Battle of the Marne, six French armies and one British army were able to stave off the German advance and set the stage for trench warfare for the next four years. 1915- Second Battle of Ypres- This was the second battle for the city of Ypres, which was located in western Belgium. For the Germans, this marked their first widespread usage of poison gas during the war. At Gravenstafl, Canadian troops were able to hold off the Germans by urinating into cloths and covering their faces with it. 1916- Battle of Verdun. The Battle of Verdun was meant to be Germany’s final push to break through French lines. A common expression was â€Å"to bleed the French white†. Both sides suffered immense casualties; however there was no clear victor even though the Germans were forced to withdraw. 1917- Battle of Caporetto. In this battle, otherwise known as the 12th Battle of Isonzo, Austro-Hungarian forces reinforced by German infantry finally broke through the Italian front line and routed the entire Italian army. Poison gas and storm troopers effectively contributed to the massive collapse of the Italian army. 1918- Battle of Cantigny. This was the first major battle involving U.S. forces up until that point in World War I. While, Cantigny was a relatively easy objective and was overshadowed by larger battles occurring elsewhere on the front, this battle was significant in demonstrating that the U.S. forces could be trusted to hold their own. 1. Up until the U.S. entrance into the war, the U.S. had already been providing massive amounts of supplies to the French and British, despite their claims of neutrality. This one-sided trading led to German attacks on U.S. merchant vessels and was one of the reasons the U.S. entered the war. The American Expeditionary Force did not actually face many battles as they arrived in Germany in early 1918. They did prove their worth and strength however in the Battle of Cantigny, where solely U.S. troops were able to capture the town of Cantigny and repulse several fierce German counterattacks. 2. Women had a huge role in the war effort at home, while African Americans directly contributed to the war effort. Women filled many of the jobs men left behind, especially in factories that were now facing huge demands for war supplies and low numbers of workers. Without women rising to fill these ranks, the American war effort would have been severely hindered. African Americans, although still discriminated and segregated in units, fought bravely and fiercely in World War I and earned the respect of many soldiers around them. 3. U.S. society

Advantages and Disadvantages of a Large Family Essay

1. Ad and disad of large family A bigger family gets the advantage of children that are never lonely and have had to share and make friends easily. Big families often have more fun and an excuse to get out more. Children from a big family appreciate their siblings when they are older more then they would when they are younger. However a big family gets the disadvantage of less attention. This might make them frustrated or upset. Siblings don’t always get along aswell! It can be a pain trying to bring your family down to the shop, cinema and especially a fancy restaurant! At the end of the day it’s all up to you. If your a loud bubbly person who loves fun and laughter then a big family is for you. see more:small family advantages and disadvantages If you like the quiet life and like going out with your friends and spending as much time as possible with your children a smaller family is for you. If your a bit of both then maybe three children would be just right! Living in a small family might give you the opportunity to be successful since you will be supported BOTH financially and emotionally more, providing that you make good use of your chance UNIQUENESS. Conversely, in a big family you might not receive financially FINANCIAL OR EMOTIONAL and emotionally support enough. This difficulty might lead someone to commit crimeS, ALTHOUGH THAT WOULD BE a feeble excuse in my book FOR DOING SO. From personal QUOTING FROM THE experienceS of a friend of mine, growing up in a family of ELEVEN children ALL living in a large family was a very unpleasant experience. He felt lost in the crowd AND suffered low self esteem from RECEIVING constant criticism from his siblings. He told me there WAS no privacy in his life(.) he can taste. He believes the benefits of a small family outweigh the disadvantages. Read more:  Disadvantages of Population Growth On account of the faCt that s Some parents who have ONLY one child often spoil him/her rotten in order to provide a comfortable life for him/her(,) which has an adverse effect on their CHILD’S future. Coming from a small family has its disadvantages as well as advantages. From A psychological viewpoint, parents have to encourage a sense of responsibility in their children since children should learn to take responsibility for their own lives(.) in the near future. A spoiled child will not be an autonomous person who is able to tackle the upcoming problems in his/her life. In addition, the adolescents who are dependAnt on their parents emotionally and financially in any case will not be capable of thinking rationally and make NOR HAVE THE ABILITY TO MAKE rational decisions. From my point of view, in some case, a strict upbringing will work BETTER IN HELPING children to learn something. I think it is not advisable to raise large families which is something of an anachronism these days. Times have changed, therefore, our attitudes HAVE ALSO TO CHANGE.to be changed. All children are entitled to have a comfortable life, HAVE access to higher education and TO BE FED well. From A psychologistS vantage point, deprived children tend to do less well at school so how can they continue their education. Moreover, when parents raise a large family and are unable to discipline them, their children will become noisy AND argumentative. There are some pluses to living in a big family that SHOULD BE taken into consideration. The significant merit of living in a big family is that you can learn from other family members of yours and they support and guide you whenever you HAVE THE need. Sometimes you make a small mistake and you DO NOT dare to tell your parents(,) but you can tell your siblings(,) because they are more comfortable-to-be-with compared with parents. On the other hand, t The interests of ALL children are different(,) and life would be one of variety(,) THEREFORE it would be a happy life as variety is the spice of life. Children can learn A lot of social skills in their earlier YEARS(,) and they will have the feeling of responsibility in addition to more love and affection. will be there in between family members. A child who has several brotherS and sisterS rarely lacks company. I suppose the advantages of being a member of a large family are far too numerous to mention. Take my life for example which can illustrate the point. We are a family of four and I have only a kid sister who is married(,) and I consult with her whenever I need to. I WOULD rather LIVE in a SMALLER family with A moderate NUMBER of family members. I like everything that I have. Advantages of a large family A large family has some very strong advantages. First of all, it has a lot of members and there is more than one earning member in a large family. In addition, members can help each other in bad times. A large family has parents, children and uncles, aunties and grandparents. Therefore, children can enjoy the company of all the members. They are never alone. A large family also has a joyful atmosphere. Everyone has his/her story at the end of the day and they all sit and talk about their good experiences, their problems and possible solutions together. Finally, a large family can save money in various different ways. Because they all live together, the cost becomes low in total and they can save a lot. A large family is a lovely place to live in. Disadvantages of a Large Family There are several disadvantages of having a large family. First of all, there is hardly any privacy. In a large family, you may have to share bedrooms with your sisters or brothers. It is hard to have any time alone because there are so many people living in one house. In addition, a large family often has more expenses than a small family. A large family has to budget their money so that everyone can have enough food and clothes to live. Sometimes, children or parents cannot buy what they want because they have to save money for others in the family. Finally, in a large family there is more responsibility on the parents to take care of all their children. It takes a lot of work by parents to make sure that all their children grow up to be good people. A large family is not easy to live in. There are many advantages and disadvantages of having a big family. I the past famielies were much bigger than now. Today many couples don’t get married at all or they get married much later, when both partners have started their career. The numbers of divorces has increased a lot. In the past people wanted to have many kids, but now is popular a type of family where are parents and one or two children. The first advantage of having a lot of brothers or sisters is joyful and happy life. In big families always someone tells you something nice or does some surprises. You never feel solitary in so large group because they always make you smile.The next good thing about having many brothers or sisters is helping each other with every work. For example elder from the sibling, helps with homework the younger one. Person who lives in a large family is more responsible and sociable than somebody who was always an only child. But on the other hand if you have only one brother or sister, or even none – you’re supposed to argue less, because you haven’t a person who you will argue with. Also in big families children become very competitive and everybody wants to be the best. In my opninion families should be numerous. I’ve got a younger brother and we really get on very well. I’m happy that I have him! I know a lot of people who are the only children. They are often more selfish and bumptious than the other who have any brothers or sisters. I still don’t know what I want to do in the future, I don’t know which job I want to have, I don’t know if I get married, but if I do – I know that I’d like to have a big family and a lot of children. 2. Geen house effect While some people believe the earth’s climatic changes are due to the fact that the universe is getting older, others believe it is due to the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is a naturally occuring phenomenon that is responsible for trapping heat near the earth’s surface and keeping the planet warm. It is called the greenhouse effect because the way it works is similar to the way in which a green house functions. In a greenhouse sunlight passes through the transparent roof and walls and strikes the objects inside- plants, flowerpots, tables, and so forth. These objects absorb energy from sun, become warmer, and then give off energy themselves in the form of heat. Only a little of this heat energy passes out through the glass, much of it is â€Å"trapped† in the greenhouse, raising the temperature inside. In some ways, the earth functions rather like a greenhouse except on a much larger scale. Although the greenhouse effect has only recently been in the news, is nothing new in th history of our planet, has played major role in making life on earth possible. Without the greenhouse effect, the earth would be too cold for living In recent decades there has been a global increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide, largely as a result of the burning of fossil fuels. The greenhouse effect may be the most serious environmental problem the human race has ever experienced, for this reason scientists around the world are working hard to acheive a better understanding of the greenhouse effect, to predict the impact it will have on earth, and to discover ways to control it. Global warming can be expected to change the earth’s climate dramatically and in a relatively short time. The financial problem with this is that the flooding will cause dams to be built and cities to be reconstructed. If we do not act now, it may be too late. â€Å"The amount ofcarbon dioxide in the atmosphere is increased by 0. Is soemthing good turning bad† Up until about 150 years ago the compostion of the earths atmosphere had remianed relatively unchanged for several thousand years. Global warming could change the atmosphere so much and so fast that all sorts of plants and animals might soon be in danger os extinction. If this rise in sea level was to occur many areas would be much more prone to flooding, and generally much deeper floods would be experienced than nowadays. Right now it is moving so that North America is going to be close to the sun in the winter. The Cretaceous Period occurred over 100 million years ago. While going through this cycle it will change the climate of areas. Overall, the global temperature could rise anywhere from 5 to 9 degrees over the next fifty years. What is meant by the term, the greenhouse effect, is that the heat from the sun comes into the Earth’s atmosphere and cannot get out so it becomes trapped. 3. Exercise good for your health It is very important to exercise. Exercise is important because it can keep you in shape and will improve your health for the better. Many studies have shown that regular activities and exercise can improve someones overall health substantially. Exercise reduces the risk of heart disease, stroke, certain cancers, and high blood pressure. Exercise can also help you to maintain healthy bones, muscles, and joints. Sports competitors must do physical activity on a regular basis to maintain their level of performance because it is necessary to train the body to be able to withstand physical activity. Along with physical activity comes weight loss. Weight loss can improve the meantal well-being and boost the confidence of any particular person. Also, studies have shown that people who exercise on a regular basis tend to live longer than those who don’t. With all of these benefits in mind, i’m not sure why anyone wouldn’t want to be physically fit and active! Try exercising a minimum of 3-4 days a week. Exercising includes walking, running, jogging, painting, biking, and there are plenty of other activities to try as well. My advice would be to pick something you enjoy doing and wouldn’t mind doing on a regular basis and sticking to a schedule. You can even pick a few different activities to mix things up and keep it interesting. In weight training most people will work different muscle groups on different days in order to best work their body without over-doing it. This also saves time during the day because instead of working out for 3-5 hours in one day you can workout for an hour a day 3-5 days a week. It spreads out the exercise so you don’t get sick of it and dread going. Also, your body will respond better because you will not be putting too much stress on yourself. Also, always stretch before physical activity! This is very important so that you do not pull or strain any muscles. Most importantly, to maintain a healthy body you must stay ACTIVE! 4. Advantages and disadvantages of living in a city and in the countryside A lot of people decide to move to the countryside nowadays. However, there are still many people who prefer stay in the town and say that they couldn’t live anywhere else. So which place is better to live? Let’s think about both of them. I would like to start with the advantages and disadvantages of the big city life. Living in such a big city has a lot of advantages. There is a big offer how to spend free time. There are a lot of theatres, concerts and other ways of entertainment. There is always a lot to do and visit! There are a lot of possibilities of shopping. In various shopping centres and galleries you can buy whatever you want. What is more, there are a lot of working places in a city. Many big international companies have their locations in the cities, so it is much easier to find a job in a big city. Moreover, the public transport is developed quite well, so the commuting to work isn’t a problem. On the other hand, there are some disadvantages of living in a big city. Cities are very crowded. Everywhere there are crowds: on the pavements and in the buses. What is more, the traffic is heavy and city’s car parks are always very full. Sometimes it is very difficult to get from a given place to another. It may take hours! Moreover, the other disadvantage is the safety in a city, but actually the lack of safety. There is a big crime rates in cities. So you have to be very careful at nights when you leave your home. I think that in the country the problem of crime isn’t so big. There aren’t so many people and they usually know each other well. The possibility of robbery or other crime is relatively lower. Life in the countryside is more peaceful and the life is also slower. What is more, it is less stressful. There isn’t any time pressure and the traffic conditions are better. A lot of places you may reach on foot. The city offers a lot: there are huge buildings, skyscrapers or some historic monuments. On the other hand, in the countryside there are a lot of breathtaking sceneries, space and other amazing places such as forests, lakes or mountains. Moreover, people in the countryside are quite different than people living in the city: they are relaxed, friendly and family-oriented. People in the city are like ants. They are always in hurry, busy and out of time. In the country people enjoy lives and take pleasure in their daily activities. As a disadvantage of living in the countryside we may consider the commuting problems. People who stay in the countryside often have to work in the nearest cities, so it may take a lot of time to get to it. However, the living costs in the country are much lower, the variety of products in shops is smaller. To sum up I would like to say that both countryside and city have some advantages and disadvantages. Both city and country may be a good place to live. However I will stay in the city till I retire. Then I would like to move to the country to have a rest. I think that everyone of us will take into consideration all aspects before he decides to move to the country. 5. The advantages and disadvantages of living in the country Living in the countryside has a lot of advantages, but also many disadvantages. As the advantage we can consider the fact that the country is less polluted and the traffic isn’t so heavy. You are fit and you don’t need to worry about your health condition, because in the countryside the air and water are so clean. In the country there are many plant species. There aren’t any huge blocks of flats, modern skyscrapers or bothersome traffic jams. In the country you are free to admire the breathtaking landscapes such as huge meadows, peacefulhills or forests. You can enjoy walking in the forest and picking mushrooms or hunting. Another advantage is that you may easily build a big house and the garden, because charges for ground are much lower than in the suburbs. Moreover, living in the countryside is cheaper than it is in the city, so you probably may afford many other things, because the prices are lower. What is more, you can invite your friends to the barbecue organized in your garden. It would be great! The other positive side is the safety. In the rural area the crime rate is much lower. There aren’t a lot of housebreaks and the possibility of burglary is also lower. In the countryside people usually and keep eyes on neighbour’s estates. They always react when something strange is happening. Country life is very peaceful and silent. You will enjoy the feeling of peace. However, there are a lot of positive aspects of living in the country side, there are also some disadvantages. Living in the country is slower. People don’t need to hurry and have a lot of time. People in the country don’t have to work so many hours as they do in the city. On the other hand, they don’t earn so much money. Moreover, there aren’t such interesting things to do during free time. The unemployment rate is also much higher than in the city. The problem may be also the communication. If you don’t have your own car, you may have problem how to commute to work. The same problem concerns the access to the hospitals, schools, police stations and shops, which are usually located far from the village. Last of all, there are some dangers connected with country life such as heavy snowfall or rainfall. To sum up, I think that living in the country may have a lot of advantages such as fresh air, breathtaking landscapes and comfort, but a lot of people decide to stay in the city, due to the fact that the life in the town is easier. The easy access to shops and other institutions are the great advantage. 6. Do you want to work in a big or small company? Why? a. No doubt, I choose to work for a small company because there are too many benefits that outnumber its disadvantages not to choose. But working for a large company has advantages no more than its disadvantages. The most important benefit of working for a small company is that I will have many chances to develop. In gerneral, a small company is a developing enterprise and it is not easy to absorb many excellent employees. If I enter this small company, I think that the boss will appreciate me and give me many opportunities to reveal my abilities. Only I let the job do well, I am sure that I will rise very rapidly. On contrary to this, a large company is already a high developed institutions. There are many prominent talent working for it. A good position will absorb hundreds of opponents. It will take me a lot of time and vigor to get this position. Maybe I have no chance to win this competition at all. Another benefit of working for a small company , which working for a large company almost cannot achieve, is that I can learn more skills in a small company than in a large company. As shown above, a small company is a developing enteprise. This means that it have no a great deal of money to employ many persons . So, I can do all kinds of jobs at the same time. I think that this will be useful to compete in the society. But in a large company, maybe I only engage a monotonous job over a long period of time . I believe that this will be helpless to improve my capacity. b. Of course, choosing to work for a large company also has advantages to some extent. For example, it will afford handsome salary and will be not easy to fail in business competition. But from my own development, I still want to work in a small company. In addition, I believe that every large company originates from a small company. Maybe I will become an important person when the small company in which I work become a large company. b. Lots of student will face such a problem, to work in a big company or a small one. Each choice has benefits as well as disadvantages .for a big company, one will gain more knowledge and experience, but his work will focus on a narrow area. On the other hand, if one chooses to work for a small firm, he will have a wide experience and knowledge about the company operation, but his income will be very likely not higher then working in big company. Personally, I preferred to working in the big firm. There are several reasons for me to choose the big company, and the main reason is that I wish to be a professional and I believe working in big company will help me to realize it. There are many opportunities to get in touch with the talent on their major in big company. Working with them, I will definitely benefit from their experience and skill. For example, once, I had worked at a company with several professional research engineering as research assistance for one year. Their knowledge helped me directly drive to the key of the project, and their experience saved me form impracticable ideas. Furthermore, in big firm, one had more training opportunities, which cannot provide by the small company. The other reason for me is the income. For working in big firm the income will be higher. The wage will be very important for the new graduate whose family needs money. For example, one came from financial strait family, and had two little brothers studying in school. A good wage will be help his family form hard living. Although working in a small company, one will gain full experience, and will obtain greater choice to promotion, when the company gets a good development. But the undeniable fact was the work was not steady, as the small firm was weak in the market economy. After considering the above, I can get the conclusion that although working in small firm also have advantage, I will choose to work in the big firm 7. Money is the root of all evil. Many of us grew up hearing that money is the root of all evil, but that is not really what scripture teaches us. Money is neither evil nor good. It is only what happens with money once it is in our hands that gives it qualities of either good or evil. Money can be many things, depending on how we relate to it. We need to understand the difference between a physical currency that is the basis for our lives and a material desire that is driven by greed. It is a fact that money makes the world go round and this is how we bargain for food, shelter, education, travel and just about everything in life has a price. Money is the reward for our work that allows us to enjoy the good things in life. It is the foundation for our social organizations and the donations to churches and charitable organizations that allows them to become established and function properly within our communities. From this point of view, money is not the evil; it is just a source of our survival. From the other hand, the love of money can destroys our lives. Not only money by themselves, but the desire of them. The greediness can destroy individuals, break up homes and even bring down nations. When the love of material possessions, social status and political power are the driving force behind our desire for money, we become rooted in evil. People can also make money there god. It depends on whether money is in control of the person or the person is in control of the money. It is clear, when money is in control of person it can make a lot of harm. To sum up, I should say that money is not evil, as I think. It’s just the greed that’s in the hearts of those who want it for needless riches and power that gives money the label of being evil 8. Time and tide wait for no man a. Time and tide are natural phenomena. Like other agents of nature, they too have no consideration and regard for any individual. They are beyond the control of human hands. Man finds himself helpless before them. This proverb is a lesson to all of us. It lays emphasis on the desirability of our preparedness to make the best use of an opportunity that presents itself to us. We should, therefore, remain vigilant, because even the slightest carelessness on our part may result in missing a great opportunity in life resulting in colossal loss. No amount of repentance would compensate the loss caused by such a failure. Opportunities are rare. If availed of, they may prove a boon in one’s life and may also ruin one’s life if it is missed. In olden days there were no watches an people used to do their working following the direction of the Sun, even though people were sincere and punctual at those days. But today even after innumerable inventions and a lot developments people used to complain that they don’t have time. ‘Is it that the time in olden days was long and today it is short? Not at all’. Then where is the problem? Actually problem exists in time management. For instance, when students have time, they waste it in unnecessary discussions, fantasies and student politics etc. but when examination comes nearer they start studying and complain for time short as they could not use the time left in a proper manner. Here a saying comes to mind, â€Å"Time is short, not for rest, think your aim and do your best†. Thus, scheduled management of time can give a person more time to do what he wants. b. When we get an opportunity to do anything, we should seize it. If an opportunity is may near have it again. Time lost once is lost forever. We cannot recall it. So we should always make the best use of time. We should be ever on the look-out to seize time by the fore-lock. Our life is short. We should not waste even a moment. If we waste time, we waste life itself. Time is the most important factor in our life. We should not postpone any work for the future. We should plan for the future and act in the present. The present is the most important time. We should do everything in the present. â€Å"now or Never† should be our motto We should plan our activities. We should do useful things. We should not waste time on unnecessary things. We should be careful about our duties. We should not spend much time on amusements and games. we should do our duties punctually. Punctually is a great virtue. Success in life depends upon the right use of time. We should utilize time wisely. A student should study hard in his student-career. If he does not study properly in this stage, he may have to repent later in life. A sick person should be treated in time, otherwise he may have to lose his life. A farmer should sow seeds in the proper season, otherwise he may not get a harvest. Everything should be done in time. If any time is lost, it lost for ever. We should always be up and doing. We should never miss an opportunity. Time is very valuable. We should make the best use of it. 9. Advantages and Disadvantages of a Large Family Essay A family is a group of individuals related by blood. It is a basic unit of the society traditionally consisting of a mother and father, rearing their children. The family is also the greatest agent of socialization in a society. In every society, family is of different types which are usually graded by size. The most common type of family is the Extended family, commonly called large family; and Nuclear family, commonly called small family. An extended family is that which consist of father, mother, children as well as cousins, uncles, nephews and nieces, grand-parents and family friends, which is why it is called a large family. Nuclear family on the other side is a relatively small family which consists majorly of the father, mother and children only. In Nigeria and mostly other African countries, the large family is usually more dominant. The advantages of a large/extended family are among others highlighted below: -It has a lot of members and there is more than one earning member in a large family. see more:small family advantages and disadvantages wikipedia That is, there is more than one source of income for a large family. This makes it easier for family needs to be met and in time, more than it will be in a small family where the source of income comes only form the parents. In addition, members can help each other in bad times and in an unforeseen or emergency situation as every member of the family, especially those who provides the family income, will rally round to save such situation. -A large family has parents, children and uncles, aunties and grandparents. Therefore, children can enjoy the company of all the members. They are never alone. A large family also has a joyful atmosphere. Everyone has his/her story at the end of the day and they all sit and talk about their good experiences, their problems and possible solutions together. With this level of love shared within the family, it is same extended to the larger society, hence, reducing the rate of crime and bringing about love and unity among members of a society. -A large family can save money in various different ways. Because they all live together, the cost becomes low in total and they can save a lot. The share every household appliances and can live happily in one apartment with sufficient facilities for their use. On the other side, the following are the disadvantages of a large family: – There is hardly any privacy. In a large family, you may have to share bedrooms with your sisters or brothers. It is hard to have any time alone because there are so many people living in one house. – In addition, a large family often has more expenses than a small family. A large family has to budget their money so that everyone can have enough food and clothes to live. Sometimes, children or parents cannot buy what they want because they have to save money for others in the family. -In a large family, there is more responsibility on the parents to take care of all their children. It takes a lot of work by parents to make sure that all their children grow up to be good people. -Also, health issues can easily be spread across every member of the family once one member is affected as they have to share basically most of the equipments and amenities in the house among themselves. Reference: * http://level2writingskills.blogspot.com/2011/03/advantages-of-large-family.html * http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/family

Article the God of Small Things Essays

Article the God of Small Things Essays Article the God of Small Things Essay Article the God of Small Things Essay Essay Topic: The God Of Small Things When the tragic news, of a young British child dying when visiting her distant family in Ayemenem, Kerala, reached London I took the first possible flight to investigate the story. When arriving in Ayemenem I discovered a much deeper story, a much more interesting one. At first a love story between two people may not seem so exciting. But when this relationship broke all laws and all foundations of the Indian society, a beautiful and tragic new world opened in front of me. Something that no one outside their culture will ever really understand, something so different from our own standards and morals. I arrived here a few days ago with my mind set on the story of the young girl who drowned in the river here in Ayemenem. When living amongst the Indians I realized how different their lives were compared to ours. It was fascinating to just watch them, watch the children play or the old man playing the tabla. Sitting there wondering about the death of the child â€Å" not yet knowing how closely related it was to the story that could be my breakthrough. I could clearly see that the people of Ayemenem was upset about something â€Å" slowly I realized that it wasnâ„ ¢t about the story I had thought it was. The caste system in India is probably well known to everyone. But do we really understand it at the individual and at the personal level Yes, the story I discovered here in Ayemenem is a love story. But it is so much more interesting than that. What happens when a Paravan has a love affair with a higher-class woman The Paravan was accused of molesting the women. He was blamed and almost beaten to death. And all this just because of whom he was â€Å" an Untouchable. In the caste system, the Paravans are seen as polluted, they are not worthy to touch anything that the touchables touched. The Paravans could not change their position in the society â€Å" they were who they were born to be. It is said that being a Paravan was the punishment for having been bad in a former life. The Paravan, whose name was Velutha, was also held responsible for the murder of the British girl, which turned out to be completely wrong when I investigated the matter. When further in, in my investigation I started hearing rumors that said that the women had run into the Police station claiming that the Paravan was innocent. That it had been a love affair. I actually believe the women since why would she claim this if it wasnâ„ ¢t true, what could she have gained on it Nothing! The womanâ„ ¢s family took this whole incident very seriously. Especially the womanâ„ ¢s aunt. She went, by herself, to the police to tell them of how a Paravan was abusing their niece. She had gotten this information from the Paravans dad the police report said. Obviously the Paravans are well aware of their position in India since he was ready to tell on his own son. Though, my reliable sources here in Ayemenem tell me that the aunt knew about the love affair and locked the women in her room to prevent them from meeting. The secret and forbidden, intersexual relationship between this man and woman caused a big stir in the Ayemenem community. We can never really understand the thoughts and opinions of the people living here â€Å" both touchables and untouchables. I canâ„ ¢t understand why Velutha had this tragic destiny only because he was a Paravan. Still people, such as the police, truly believe that it was Velutha who had caused this mess. And they clearly never listened to the woman when she confessed of having an affair with an Untouchable. Now I have been living in Kerala for just about a month â€Å" I couldnâ„ ¢t leave without learning more about the culture. It is very clear to me now that cultural clashes in Ayemenem can cause minor conflicts or major trouble and violence â€Å" such as the night when Velutha was brutally beaten. Something like this, two people from two different classes being together, would never have mattered as much in England. In India it is a sin worth dying for.

Perdón para migrantes protegidos por la sección 245(i)

Perdà ³n para migrantes protegidos por la seccià ³n 245(i) La seccià ³n 245(i) de la Ley de Inmigracià ³n y Nacionalidad (INA, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) permite ajustar el estatus a personas indocumentadas y asà ­ obtener la tarjeta de residencia. El problema es que esta seccià ³n de la INA expirà ³. Sin embargo, algunos inmigrantes pueden estar todavà ­a hoy protegidos y, por lo tanto, podrà ­an pedir el ajuste de estatus. Quà © migrantes indocumentados podrà ­an beneficiarse de la seccià ³n 245 (i) Los inmigrantes que estn dentro de Estados Unidos en situacià ³n de indocumentados porque: entraron con visa y se quedaron ms tiempo del permitido.ingresaron al paà ­s ilegalmente sin pasar por un control migratoriocometieron alguna violacià ³n migratoria como, por ejemplo, aceptar empleo colocndose asà ­ en una situacià ³n de ilegalidad migratoria. Y no pueden arreglar los papeles sin salir de los Estados Unidos mediante lo que se conoce como un ajuste de estatus. Si salen de Estados Unidos tendrà ­an el problema de que automticamente se activarà ­a el castigo de los 3 o de los 10 aà ±os por presencia ilegal. Tener en cuenta que algunos indocumentados pueden ajustar su estatus por relacià ³n de cà ³nyuge, padre, madre o hijo soltero menor de 21 aà ±os con un ciudadano estadounidense. Pero incluso en estos casos no siempre es posible ajustar el estatus. Cules son los requisitos para estar estar protegido por la seccià ³n 245 (i) 1. Que el inmigrante tenga una peticià ³n de visa de inmigrante hecha   a su nombre por razà ³n de familia o de trabajo y que dicha peticià ³n se hubiera presentado el 30 de abril de 2001 o antes.   Es decir, tenga un certificado de trabajo (labor certification) o   una peticià ³n I-130 para familiar extranjero, I-140 para trabajador extranjero, I-360 para viudos o migrantes especiales. o I-526 para empresario extranjero a travà ©s del programa EB5. 2. Que la peticià ³n hubiera sido aprobada (puede ser posteriormente a esa fecha) 3. Y si la peticià ³n se presentà ³ entre el 14 de enero de 1998 y el 30 de abril de 2001, el beneficiario principal de la peticià ³n debe poder demostrar que estaba fà ­sicamente presente en los Estados Unidos a fecha de 21 de diciembre de 2000. Eso es para el beneficiario  principal,en no para el derivado. Por ejemplo, en los casos en los que un ciudadano pide a su hermano, à ©ste serà ­a el principal, y el derivado la esposa/o del pedido y sus hijos solteros menores de 21 aà ±os. Destacar que en el caso de familiares derivados, la relacià ³n de parentesco entre el beneficiario principal y el derivado debà ­a ya existir a fecha de 30 de abril de 2001.   Cà ³mo se pide beneficiarse de la proteccià ³n de la seccià ³n 245(i) Solicitante un ajuste de estatus (planilla I-485)Completando adems el suplemento I-485AEnviando toda la documentacià ³n de apoyoPagando la cuota del ajuste de estatus Antes de enviar cualquier planilla, asesorarse si realmente se califica. Asimismo, extremar el cuidado para cumplir con los requisitos de llenar correctamente los formularios. Quà © no se debe hacer si se cree que se es un buen candidato para esta proteccià ³n No salir de Estados Unidos mientras no se resuelve el asunto. Si se sale, en ese momento comienza a aplicar el castigo de los 3 y de los 10 aà ±os. A quià ©n no protege la seccià ³n 245(i) A las personas con un procedimiento de deportacià ³n abierto. Cundo la 245(i) no es suficiente para ajustar el estatus Es posible cumplir todos los requisitos para este perdà ³n pero que, finalmente, el ajuste de estatus se niegue y no se obtenga la tarjeta de residencia. Y es que para sacar la green card el migrante tiene que ser considerado admisible. Esto es, hay una serie de comportamientos o situaciones en el pasado del migrante que hacen imposible que pueda obtener los papeles, bien con carcter permanente o bien por un tiempo. A tener en cuenta para elegir la mejor opcià ³n y evitar fraudes Hay casos en los que podrà ­a aplicar la 245(i), pero realmente hay otras opciones que resultan mejores. Por ejemplo, una persona con una peticià ³n a su favor hecha en el aà ±o 2000 por un hermano ciudadano americano. Si esa persona ingresà ³ con visa y simplemente perdià ³ su estatus por quedarse ms tiempo del permitido y est ahora casada de buena fe con un ciudadano americano, podrà ­a ajustar su estatus sin necesidad de recurrir al 245(i). Sin embargo, si la misma persona del ejemplo, hubiera ingresado a Estados Unidos ilegalmente, no podrà ­a ajustar su estatus por el procedimiento regular y su opcià ³n serà ­a pedir la proteccià ³n del 245(i). Todos los casos de perdones son complejos y delicados. Lo mejor es siempre buscar a un abogado de inmigracià ³n reputado y con experiencia en el beneficio que se desea pedir.  Ã‚  Es cierto que en muchos casos es posible  solicitar un perdà ³n migratorio (waiver)  pero adems de cumplir con todos los requisitos, no es fcil obtenerlo. Por esta razà ³n, es aconsejable tener cuidado con las promesas que hacen algunos abogados inescrupulosos. Este artà ­culo no es consejo legal para ningà ºn caso concreto. Sà ³lo tiene valor informativo.

A History of the Oreo Cookie

A History of the Oreo Cookie Most of us have grown up with Oreo cookies. There are photos of us with chocolatey remnants smeared across our faces. Theyve caused great disputes as to the best way to eat them- dunking them in milk or twisting off one side and eating the middle first. Besides eating them plain, there are recipes galore on how to use Oreos in cakes, milkshakes, and additional desserts. At some festivals, you can even try deep-fried Oreos. Needless to say, Oreos have become part of the twentieth-century culture. While most of us have spent a lifetime cherishing Oreo cookies, many dont know that since their introduction in 1912, the Oreo cookie has become the best-selling cookie in the United States. Oreos Are Introduced In 1898, several baking companies merged to form the National Biscuit Company (Nabisco), the maker of Oreo cookies. By 1902, Nabisco created Barnums Animal cookies and made them famous by selling them in a little box designed like a cage with a string attached (to hang on Christmas trees). In 1912, Nabisco had a new idea for a cookie- two chocolate disks with a creme filling in between. The first Oreo cookie looked very similar to the Oreo cookie of today, with only a slight difference in the design of the chocolate disks. The current design, however, has been around since 1952. Nabisco made sure to file for a trademark on their new cookie on March 14, 1912, being granted registration number  0093009 on August 12, 1913. Changes The shape and design of the Oreo cookie didnt change much until Nabisco began selling various versions of the cookie. In 1975, Nabisco released their DOUBLE STUF Oreos. Nabisco continued to create variations: 1987 Fudge covered Oreos introduced1991 Halloween Oreos introduced1995 Christmas Oreos introduced The delicious interior filling was created by Nabiscos principal scientist,  Sam Porcello, who is often referred to as Mr. Oreo. Porcello is also responsible for creating chocolate-covered Oreos. The Mysterious Name When the cookie was first introduced in 1912, it appeared as an Oreo Biscuit, which changed in 1921 to Oreo Sandwich. There was another name change in 1937 to Oreo Creme Sandwich before the modern name was decided upon in 1974: Oreo Chocolate Sandwich Cookie. Despite the official name changes, most people have referred to the cookie simply as an Oreo. So where did the name Oreo come from? The people at Nabisco arent quite sure. Some believe that the cookies name was taken from the French word for gold, or (the main color on early Oreo packages). Others claim the name stemmed from the shape of a hill-shaped test version; thus naming the cookie in Greek for a mountain, oreo. Still, others believe the name is a combination of taking the re from cream and placing it between the two o-shapes  in chocolate- making o-re-o. And still, others believe that the cookie was named Oreo because it was short and easy to pronounce. No matter how it got named, over 362 billion Oreo cookies have been sold since it was first introduced in 1912, making it the best selling cookie of the 20th century.

Non Profit Corp Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Non Profit Corp Law - Essay Example A corporation is permitted under the Virginia State laws on nonprofit corporation to pay compensation of some reasonable amount to the members, director officers for the services rendered. It may also pay pensions and benefits conforming to the purposes of the firm as well as make distributions as permitted by the Act upon dissolution or liquidation (Bruce, 2009). However, no such payment, distribution or benefits may be deemed to be dividends or income. As a result of this prohibition, most of the corporations in the state of Virginia that intent to conduct business for profit making are organized in form of stock corporations. The Internal Revenue Code section 501 expressly prohibits inurnment of earnings of an entity to the benefit of any private individual or shareholder. The code also imposes excise tax on excess benefit transaction between a disqualified person and any organization as described under section 501 (Bruce, 2009). IRS has provided that an organization shall operate primarily for exempt purposes. Under the IRS code, private inurnment applies to benefits to those who control or influence the activities of the organization such as directors, management, officers, the physicians and medical staff. Private inurnment is based on the requirement that the organization serve a public purpose and not a private one. It prohibits a nonprofit from extending a substantial part of the activities or resources on non- exempt purposes (Bruce, 2009). This does not mean that the firm cannot have receipts that exceed the expenditures. Rather, the organization should use the revenues to further the exempt purposes but not to further the interests of insiders. The crux of the prohibitions of private inurnment and the use of excess benefit lies in enriching the lives of others at the expense of furthering the exempt purposes of an organization (Bruce, 2009). It provides that activities that

To make argument about your own academic experience to an academic Term Paper

To make argument about your own academic experience to an academic audiene - Term Paper Example Ideal may differ from person to person. Something which is ideal to me may not be ideal to others and vice versa. During my management I did my specialization in marketing. Lot of people did their specialization in finance. I think marketing as a subject/course is more ideal than a finance. Before discussing why marketing is more ideal than finance lets first understand what does an ideal college experience means. An ideal college experience means an experience in discovery. It can be related to a particular subject or also personal discovery of self. So an ideal course can be new ways of learning, learning new values, learning new ways of solving a problem or addressing an issue. It is not mere reading a book, remembering a subject and then writing the same in the exam. It is about applying your knowledge and tools to think critically. It is about handling different situations in different ways and finding solutions for all kind of problems Marketing as a subject has got very little to do with theories and concepts. Yes, theories and concepts are important but not from a reading or remembering point of view but from the point of applying it in day to day life. Marketing is about thinking and applying the concept learns during the lecture to handle tricky situation. It is about creating different, new and innovative methods to sell you product or services. It is about creating ideas and strategies. ... That is something a student needs to decide. This is where a student is really tested as in how good is his ability to think and rationalize. Advertisement is a part of marketing. Creating an ad for a particular product or service is a challenging job. That is where the analytical skills of a student is tested. You can judge how creative a student is. Marketing research is also a part of marketing where a student analytical skill is tested. Marketing has got to do with lot of group activities. Where a students learns how to work in a team. He learns the ways to respect you superior and work with you subordinate. Finance on the other hand involves more of theories than practical. Lot of reading is involved in finance. You need to be thorough in the concepts and you need to remember lot of definition. Practical knowledge and activities are very less in finance. Calculation and analytics are important elements of finance but other than that not a lot of all round skills of student is te sted in finance. Further finance has got to with numbers and application of numbers. But when it comes to practical application of finance it definitely is bare minimum. Finance is a very important department in corporate and is essential for any organization. But in studies it has very little do when it comes to group work or applying it in practical purpose. It is mostly theories and concepts and less of practical, creativity and inter-personal skills. Finance is far from being an idea subject because it is one dimensional and does not focus on most of the skills that a student needs to develop. So when you compare a marketing and finance as a subject you will agree to the fact that marketing

Employer-Employee Relationship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Employer-Employee Relationship - Essay Example It fulfils the aspirations of millions around the globe, and makes every member a part of the universal whole and hurtles towards a chosen path and on to destiny. It involves a culture that is flexible, unique and peculiar to the specific organization or industry. It also involves administration, supervision, evaluation, performance, productivity, motivation, morale, and discipline. In short, it is the creation of a new dimension in relationship based on mutual understanding, trust, objectives, principles and routines. (Employee Relations Series) In the course of its existence, an organization settles down to achieve its aims and targets. The most important asset of the organization is its human resource. All the activities from the initial stage of acquiring an order to execution and delivery are dependent on human skills at every level and stage. The internal activities of an organization consist not only of executing orders or rendering services, but also constantly looking after its own position and welfare, which is the welfare of its employees. In the present economic scenario, policies and procedures relating to employee- related issues are the quick fix hire and fire routine, although enlightened management may not arbitrarily use them. There needs to be good deal of resilience and flexibility. Policies and procedures serve as guidelines and channels of hope to an aggrieved employee or group of employees with specific grievance. The emphasis is on the fact that the management is willing to lend a ear to an employee, thereby indicating the importance of the employee as an individual in the management's eyes. The management must also make it clear to the employee that they are aware of his good record and are appreciative about it. This emphasis on the capability and contributions of the individual helps to create a congenial atmosphere assuaging the aggrieved employee or group of employees right away. It wins the loyalty of the employee and exponentially serves to rejuvenate the employees' morale. Traits In the current economic and market scenario, there is less scope for white elephants and sycophants. Along with team management abilities, the people in charge are expected to endow their functions with an eye for talents and find out the aspirations of the employees under them. Understanding human resource and its potential and goals not only help employers to fathom the depth of their employees' capacities but also enable them to delegate responsibilities effectively and equip them with the means to effectively handle the day to day routines with foresight and fortitude. The layers of the managerial hierarchy have drastically reduced after the dawn of the electronic and information era. It is more empowerment based, and even the employee in the lower rung of the hierarchy is aware of his importance in the eyes of the management and how to bargain for better prospects. An important aspect of horizontal hierarchy is

Whether text-speak (or texting language), as used in instant messaging Essay - 1

Whether text-speak (or texting language), as used in instant messaging and SMS messaging, is contributing to language decline or decay - Essay Example ed children to acquire a better literary understanding (Crystal) but might also be used to mask dyslexia, incorrect spelling or simply laziness to write rather than optimizing the text per se. The ultra conciseness of the words tailored for the short message service and instant messaging on the internet chats has taken the shape of a new English dialect. The massive increase in SMS has boosted up the mobile company earnings significantly. Britain, in the English speaking world is responsible for amounting up to 6 billion text messages a month (Huang) while Pakistan has taken one of the top positions after Philippines, Indonesia and Malaysia for sending the most short text messages in the world adding up to 151 billion in the year 2009 alone and moving up to the third highest SMS sender in the year 2010 (Malik). This puts a new angle to the point of views debating the influence of IM and SMS on the literature and language. A developing country like Pakistan that has English as its second official language and to be used mostly in the higher education, hence being a notable part of the English speaking world, will be affected in a unique way by the way of SMS. The largely less educated population or atleast not as much educated and affluent in the English language have rather learned the language by the use of quick SMS messaging. The extremely low rates and encouraging services by the service providers have further ensured that the SMS trends leap ahead in a cut throat competition (Malik). It might be noted that the phonetic, orthographic and optimized approach of the SMS language makes it easy for even the relatively uneducated individuals to learn or process the English language (Chim). While this was not yet enough to be dealt with by a likely opponent of the SMS language, the new smart phones that come with the feature of predicting the next words and spell correction or auto completing ensure quick growth and ease of SMS (Chim). These features might be seen as

Sex differences in perception of female body shapes (FINAL YEAR Literature review

Sex differences in perception of female body shapes (FINAL YEAR PSYCHOLOGY) - Literature review Example This analysis will be through the systematic search of journal databases in order to find commonalities among various articles through key word searches. The primary concern of the research was focused on body weight as most articles articulated this aspect of body image as being the primary focus of quantifying attractiveness. The search strategy that was used for this study was undertaken through a search of the Web of Knowledge data base, specifically through Medline and Webscience. 40 studies were defined as relevant to the study and were used in order to compare both duplicate results and to contrast any information that might be in conflict. Through the use of a large variety of studies, the conclusions were verified through multiple resources and the information was confirmed as reliable. #Sex differences on perception of female body shape as attractive A Review of the Relevant Literature Chapter One: Introduction 1.1 Background and Importance The body image issues in the West ern world have gained ground in importance through the influence of the media. Body image is connected to issues of success, of mating, and of overall mental health in terms of contentment with the quality of one’s life. ... Therefore, the study of this phenomenon has occurred through the work of multiple researchers who have explored the perceptions of female body image through both the male and female perspective. Social influences have been determined to have an impact on the fashion of body weight in terms of perception of attraction. The media has the highest level of power in influencing the fashion of body weight attractiveness where females are concerned (Johnson and Petri 1995: Feingold and Mazzella 1998: Glauert, Rhodes, Byrne, Fink, and Grammer. 2009).. Family and friends more often provide a positive influence, while media influence produce highly improbably ideals that are improbable for most women to replicate. This creates a lowered self-esteem and predicts lower overall satisfaction in life. This can lead to food issues and eating disorders which impact the quality of life. The following literature review has been conducted using a search strategy that includes the use of the Web Knowledg e database, an online service through which the entering of key words provides a selection of appropriate relevant literature. The first section of the work will provide a list of key words that were used in order to conduct the search. In the process of conducting this search, a large number of articles were discovered that have initial relevant content. The articles were then searched to find those which had the most detailed relevant content and through which the best possible choices could be made towards establishing a foundation for the topic. 1.3 Search Protocol 1.3.1 Selection Criteria The topic of this paper is the differences in perception that males and females appreciate in regard to how the female body shape

Whether text-speak (or texting language), as used in instant messaging Essay - 1

Whether text-speak (or texting language), as used in instant messaging and SMS messaging, is contributing to language decline or decay - Essay Example ed children to acquire a better literary understanding (Crystal) but might also be used to mask dyslexia, incorrect spelling or simply laziness to write rather than optimizing the text per se. The ultra conciseness of the words tailored for the short message service and instant messaging on the internet chats has taken the shape of a new English dialect. The massive increase in SMS has boosted up the mobile company earnings significantly. Britain, in the English speaking world is responsible for amounting up to 6 billion text messages a month (Huang) while Pakistan has taken one of the top positions after Philippines, Indonesia and Malaysia for sending the most short text messages in the world adding up to 151 billion in the year 2009 alone and moving up to the third highest SMS sender in the year 2010 (Malik). This puts a new angle to the point of views debating the influence of IM and SMS on the literature and language. A developing country like Pakistan that has English as its second official language and to be used mostly in the higher education, hence being a notable part of the English speaking world, will be affected in a unique way by the way of SMS. The largely less educated population or atleast not as much educated and affluent in the English language have rather learned the language by the use of quick SMS messaging. The extremely low rates and encouraging services by the service providers have further ensured that the SMS trends leap ahead in a cut throat competition (Malik). It might be noted that the phonetic, orthographic and optimized approach of the SMS language makes it easy for even the relatively uneducated individuals to learn or process the English language (Chim). While this was not yet enough to be dealt with by a likely opponent of the SMS language, the new smart phones that come with the feature of predicting the next words and spell correction or auto completing ensure quick growth and ease of SMS (Chim). These features might be seen as

Oligarchy in the US Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Oligarchy in the US - Essay Example The audience of the article is the average American populace. Aristotle, credited for the term oligarchy, defines oligarchy as the exercise of power by wealthy citizens, which causes intense political disparities that essentially accompany excessive material inequalities. While the average American populace constitutes a large percentage of Americans as compared to the wealthy, they still have no voice in decision making concerning economic and political issues in America. As a result, economic disparities continue to persist within Americans, and the average American populace must understand their role in public policy making. Jeffrey Winters and Benjamin Page present evidence that the United States is both democratic and oligarchic. The fact that oligarchs can operate separately without knowing each other is evidence that oligarchy can go unnoticed in several instances (Winters and Page 739). In addition, the extent of economic disparity in the United States proves the authors points about oligarchy. Even so, the authors affirm that there is significant substantiation from academic research that public policy in the United States is not set by oligarchs, but rather reacts strongly to the inclination of normal citizens. The coexistence of oligarchy and democracy is evident because, at times the decision of people counts, while in other cases, the viewpoint of the wealthy sways public

Magazine article on E-books Essay Example for Free

Magazine article on E-books Essay Cassettes-sidelined! DVDs –gathering dust! VHS-retired! Technology mutates and evolves leaving redundant platforms in its place. Much of the time technology is beneficial and change is good, however occasionally change is not so auspicious and we do not realise what we have lost until it’s truly gone. The book. The Bible, The odyssey and The Gruffalo (and that’s not even mentioning the poets). All books which have stood the test of time and are still being read as much today as the moment they were published; with these texts societies were bound and broken; lessons were learned and empires fell; all to the humble book. However the brazen veteran; the book; is endanger of being stripped of its crown by the young and brash E-book. In the words of Northrop Frye books are the only piece of technology which has not become socially defunct–Yet! They have stood firm whilst DVDs, tapes and vinyl like empires, rose and fell. However the frog like e-book with its dull boring features and its fabulously annoying Wifi connectivity could be the bane of books. E-books are vastly growing in nature, like a weed; multiplying on every train, beach and plane you see them they are growing in number and his suggested by 2016 there will be nearly 10 billion of these dastardly devices roaming the world. Even the mere existence of E-books has created a whole new type of piracy where people are ripping off hard working authors and publishers by getting counterfeit e-books online for free. This illegal practice was consummated by the emotionless e-book. These characterless devices rob the tangible nature you get from books. The feel of the paper the smell of the ink all contribute to the sensation we get from reading. E-books rob this from us and sadly soon children will not understand this interaction as they will be more familiar with the blistering headache the monotonous e-book provides.

The Development Mechanism And Trading Of Sukuk Bonds Finance Essay

The Development Mechanism And Trading Of Sukuk Bonds Finance Essay A Sukuk bond is an Arabic word for financial investment certificates, or sometimes can be refer as Islamic bonds. It is the famous element in the Islamic Finance among the Muslim and non-Muslim. Other than that, sukuk also refer to trust certificates and participation securities. Moreover, it is one of the fastest growing tools in the Islamic capital market that triggered the desire of research and writings of many researchers and scholars, as a result of which is the existence of many academic writings and publications [1]. It has become one of the most dynamic tools for capital mobilization in both the Islamic and conventional capital markets (2007, Umar). For your information, base on their Islamic law, it is not allowed fixed income and interest bearing bond. After that, Islamic Finance comes out the sukuk bonds to fulfill its investment principles, which is charging or paying the interest. Besides that, it is similar to the financial bonds in the conventional bank, which are proof of ownership title to the investor and utilized by financial institution to raising the fund. For both conventional bonds and sukuk bonds are structured to generate revenue on the physical assets. However, the differentiation between both bonds is sukuk bonds can be consider as modern application of Islamic financial. Malaysias fully experience and concrete fundamentals in Islamic finance developed over 30 years, tied with its strength in the domestic sukuk market, offers strong exciting value propositions to government agencies, multinational corporations and multilateral development banks or financial institutions across the world to originate sukuk out of Malaysia.  Malaysia leads the global sukuk market, represented by 61% of total sukuk outstanding at the end 2008.2 Development of Sukuk Bonds What is Sukuk? Sukuk is an Islamic financial certificate bond but it refuted to conventional bonds, which is debt based instrument and Sukuk is asset based instrument. Sukuk securities adopt the Islamic laws referred to as Shariah and it own principles, Islamic religious law, which no all interest can make and its forbid the charging or payment of interest such as fixed income, interest bearing bonds are not permissible in Islam . Sukuk instruments are like a middleman or a bridge to issuers, primarily sovereigns and corporations in other foreign countries such as in the Middle East and Southeast Asia, with a large pool for investor to finding diversify their holdings beyond traditional asset classes. In Sukuk market, fund raised can classified in two way which is an efficient and transparent way in over 100 non-member countries in the world. Diagram 1: Different between conventional financial and Islamic financial Selected Historical Highlights Key Highlights in Malaysias Islamic Capital Market: 1990: Issuance of first Islamic Corporate bond by Shell MDS Sdn Bhd 1993: Launch of first Islamic Equity unit trust fund by Arab-Malaysian Unit Trust Bhd 1994: First full fledged Islamic stockbroking company, BIMB Securities, was established 1999: Launch of the KLSE Syariah Index 2000: Launch of the first Islamic bond fund by RHB Unit Trust Management 2001: Issuance of the worlds first Global Sukuk by Kumpulan Guthrie Source: Bloomberg (based on Sukuk issued out of new and existing programmes for the YTD ) Global vs Malaysia Sukuk Issuances 2005- 1H20112002: Issuance of the worlds first Global Sovereign Sukuk Figure :Global vs Malaysia Sukuk Issuances 2005- 1H2011 In 2005 to first half of 2011, global Sukuk market and Malaysia Sukuk market was faced few economic growth and crisis, therefore it was effect issued Sukuk bond. Based on the data, Malaysia Sukuk market doesnt showed significant growth compared with global Sukuk market between 2005 to first half of 2011. However Malaysia Sukuk market looks more stable than global market. In 2008, global Sukuk faced financial meltdown, it is global financial crisis and the Dubai debt woes, therefore it dropped from US$31 billion to US$14.2 billion, dropped around 54%. Besides that, Malaysia Sukuk market also dropped, but the dropped amount lower than global market, around 41%.Apart from that, in 2009 Malaysia Sukuk market of the total Sukuk issuance growth around 31%, it was showed those investor have confidence to Malaysia Sukuk market. http://biz.thestar.com.my/archives/2009/9/9/business/p8-sukukcht.JPG Figure 2:Sukuk issuance by country in 2009 In 2009, Malaysia is the largest country issuer Sukuk bond compare with Indonesia, Sausi Arabia and Bahrain.Malaysia almost having around 45% of issuer Sukuk bond. The second largest is Saudi Arabia, they has around 22% for issuer Sukuk bond. Figure 3 Malaysia: Outstanding Sukuk vs. Bonds In this several years, Sukuk continues growth but compare with normal bond, amount of outstanding Sukuk still lower than bond. In 2011, Sukuk still not famous for the investor or issuer therefore the number was just had small amount for the outstanding Sukuk. Besides that, between 2001 and 2007 the amount of outstanding Sukuk was growth significantly. In 2007, outstanding Sukuk was catching up the normal bond and after year 2007 outstanding Sukuk still having a positive growth in the market. This three chart showed that investor have confidence with Malaysia Sukuk market because it has its potential. In 1990s, Malaysia already had a powerful and transparent Islamic structure. Other than that, Malaysia also do more effort to promoted to foreign investor show that Malaysia is an international Islamic financial hub and had recognized by worldwide and continues lead at the front of the development of Sukuk bond. The strength of Sukuk is lies in its own unique framework. Sukuk can carry distinct value position to issuers and investors. The Sukuk growths rapidly because had few factors. 1. Structure growth sophistication. Sukuk have a good superiority which is it had the flexibility of Sukuk structure to lead its growth continuously and it also can meet the requirement and preferences of investor and issuers by tailored suitable Sukuk to them. Now a day, Malaysia have more than a types of Sukuk in the market such as profit and loss sharing (Musyarakah), cost plus financing (Murabahah), deferred payment (Al-Bai Bithaman Ajil), leasing (Al-Ijarah), agent(Al-Wakalah) and so on to wider range of investors. Figure 4: Type of Sukuk apporeved in Malaysia In 2011, Malaysia has few types of Sukuk approved in Malaysia Sukuk market and types of Sukuk in Malaysia market can classified to Contracts of participation and exchange. Contracts of participation are such as Mudharabah Sukuk and Musyarakah Sukuk. Contracts of exchanges are such as Murabahah and Ijarah. The largest number of investor invest is Musyarakah, the number is around 63% in Sukuk market. The second largest is Ijarah, its around 15% in Sukuk market. 2. Clarity on the regulatory treatment. Excellent regulatory treatment in Sukuk structure has provided regulatory certainty to Islamic financial institutions with regard to their investments.The adherence of the Capital Adequacy Standard was accomplish and issued by the Islamic Financial Services Board (IFSB) 3. Strategic centralize to develop overall Islamic financial system. Every investor or issuers have it own demand or requirement therefore Sukuk can base on each investor or issuers to choice suitable own Sukuk to themselves. For example, in takaful operators the investors can choice medium or long-term liabilities of takaful funds. 2.1 Introduction to Mechanism of Sukuk Bond Sukuk bond is one of the Islamic financial products which grow rapidly nowadays. It is generally known as Shariah compliant  [1]  bond as it is structured according to the Islamic principles. The Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI) has defined sukuk as the certificates of equal value that represent an undivided share in the ownership of the underlying asset, usufruct, services or investments in particular projects or special investment activities. (Institutions, 2008) Besides, sukuk bond also can be described as an asset-based investment because the investor which is the sukuk holder owns the undivided interest in the underlying asset even if bad situation occurs. Sukuk bond is not a debt certificate, hence, the claim of sukuk bond is not just a claim to cash flow but it also represents the ownership claim on a pool of underlying assets. However, under the various types of sukuk which structured based on different Islamic principles, the investor has different rights and obligations. When the sukuk is represent the ownership of the underlying asset such as Ijarah sukuk, the investor can claims not only on the underlying asset. But, at the same time, it can be claimed against the cash flow and revenues generated from the sale of the asset. Besides, for the sukuk which issued as the sale of asset-based through the contract of exchange such as the Murabahah and Istina sukuk, the investor has the rights to claim against the cash flow from the contract of exchange but not on the physical asset. This is due to the transfer of ownership which is now to the obligator. On the other hand, for the type of sukuk which provide funds for projects such as Musyarakah sukuk and Mudharabah sukuk, the investor has the rights on the undivided interest in the specific investments. The difference in both of this sukuk is just that the musyarakah sukuk holder shares both the profit and loss however the mudharabah sukuk holder share only the profit while loss will not be sharing. (Bank Negara Malaysia and Securities Commission Malaysia, 2009) Therere many types of sukuk bond which is structured based on various approved Islamic concepts and principles. Among the 14 types of sukuk which are identified by AAOIFI, the most common sukuk included Ijarah sukuk (leasing of specific assets) and the Musyarakah sukuk (profit loss-sharing scheme). Therere also other types of sukuk which included Murabahah sukuk (cost-plus sale), Istina sukuk (project finance), Mudharabah sukuk (profit-sharing), Salam sukuk, Hybrid sukuk and so forth. In the end of October 2011, Musyarakah sukuk leads the biggest proportion among the various types of sukuk bond which is 59%. It then was following by Ijarah sukuk (13%), Murabahah sukuk (10%), Mudharabah sukuk (9%) and Wakalah sukuk (9%). (Team, 2012) 2.2 Similarities and Differences between Sukuk Bond and Conventional Bond Sukuk bond shared some similar characteristics with the conventional bond. For instances, both of these bonds have a fixed term maturity, can bear a coupon and are tradable on the normal yield price. Besides, both of the sukuk bond and conventional bond have similarities in the following features: marketability, rate ability, enhance ability and also the versatility. (What is Sukuk?) Both of them are liquid instruments, therefore can be easily transferred and tradable in the financial markets. Furthermore, both of these bonds are structured based on the assets that generate revenues. The revenue generated from the underlying asset is the source of income to pay for the profit on the sukuk bond. (Bank Negara Malaysia and Securities Commission Malaysia, 2009) However, there still have differences among the sukuk bond and the conventional bond. First of all, conventional bond is structured in such a way that the interest is the main point of all those transactions. The issuance of conventional bond is based on the exchange of paper and it doesnt represent the ownership of conventional bondholders in the enterprises that issue the bond. Rather, it represents the interest-bearing debt owed to the conventional bondholders. Consequently, the issuer of conventional bond has the contractually obligation in paying the interest and also the principal to the bondholders on a specific date. On the other hand, sukuk bond is structured in a way that the issuance is based on the exchange of an approved asset. Because of the prohibition of interest charging by Islamic law, sukuk bond allows the sukuk bondholders to claim an undivided ownership in the underlying asset and share the revenues generated from the underlying asset. Furthermore, sukuk bond is different with conventional bond due to its asset-based features. When the situation occurs where the issuer of conventional bond is unable to pay for the debt they owed to the bondholders, the bondholders which is the investors will face a great loss on their investments. This is because the contract usually doesnt guarantee that the asset can be secured and be used to recover at least partial of the investments. However, for sukuk bond, because it is asset-based and the sukuk bondholders have undivided ownership on the underlying asset, even how bad the situation, the investors can claim against major part of their investment. Hence, the sukuk bondholders are more protected from this kind of risk compared to the conventional bondholders. Besides, the issuance of sukuk bond must compliant with the Islamic law in its nature and use. However for the conventional bond, it can be issue for almost any purposes as long as it is legal under jurisdiction. Next, for the sukuk bondholders, the expenses that related to the underlying asset may be attached to them while the conventional bondholders are not responsible in these asset-related expenses. 2.3 Benefits of Sukuk Bond Sukuk bond which structured compliant with the Islamic law have the following benefits. First of all, it acts as a tool for banks and Islamic financial institutions in liquidity management. (Benefits of Sukuk) When the bank and financial institutions have excess amount of liquidity, they can use these excess money to purchase and invest in sukuk bond. Meanwhile, when theyre in the need of liquidity, they can choose to sell their sukuk bond through the secondary market. This clearly shows the features of sukuk bond which is liquid and hence can be easily traded in the financial market. Besides, sukuk bond provides a way in raising funds. It allows the corporate to raise funds through the issuance of sukuk bond. However, the sukuk bond can only be issue for any purpose that complaint with Islamic law. Furthermore, due to the asset-based feature of sukuk bond, it offers a lower risk and hence reduces the cost of financing. This is because even when bad situation happen to the issuer of sukuk bond, the investors can claim against the ownership on the underlying asset and get recover from major partial of their investment. 2.4 Sukuk Guidelines Starts from 1 July 2000, any issuance, offer or invitation of sukuk has to get approval from the Securities Commission Malaysia (SC) under section 212 of the Capital Markets and Services Act 2007 (CMSA)  [2]  (Malaysia S. C., Introduction, 2011) The following information are the guidelines which stated by Securities Commission Malaysia (SC) and effective from 12 August 2011 (Malaysia S. C., 2011). Any corporation that wishes to issue, offer or make an invitation of sukuk has to first appoint a principal adviser who specified by the SC in the Principal Adviser Guidelines. The purpose of appointing a principal adviser is to help the corporation to seek approval from SC for the proposed issue, offer or invitation of sukuk. (Malaysia S. C., Issuers Submission of Proposals, 2011) Therere a set of documents and a declaration letter that SC requires the issuer to submit through the principal adviser. These documents and the declaration letter are needed to obtain the approval from SC. (Malaysia S. C., Appendix, 2011) Two hard copies and one electronic copy of these documents should be submitted. Within 14 working days after SC receives the required documents and declaration letter, SC will either grant its approval or reject the proposal which doesnt fully follow the guideline. Once the issuer obtains the approval from SC, they should submit another set of documents (Malaysia S. C., Appendix, 2011) to SC through their principal adviser. (Malaysia S. C., Documents and Information Required, 2011) Besides, the issuer is required to conjunct with the principal adviser in appointing a Shariah adviser to make sure that the documentation, structure and the mechanism of sukuk are following the Islamic law. Therere plenty of Shariah rulings that have to follow for all types of sukuk as well as some specific type of sukuk in the requirement of underlying asset, asset pricing, compensation and so forth. (Malaysia S. C., Appointment of Shariah Adviser Shariah Rulings Applicable, 2011) Meanwhile, the underwriting of any issue, offer or invitation of sukuk will depends on the decision of the issuer. (Malaysia S. C., Underwriting, 2011) The implementation time frame for sukuk issuance is within one year from the date of the approval of SC except for the case of shelf registration scheme which must be implemented within two years. (Malaysia S. C., Implementation Time Frame for Sukuk Programme or Sukuk Issuance, 2011) 2.5 Sukuk Market in Malaysia From the journal, we know that the sukuk market has been developed rapidly in this decade with the evidence that more than 50% of Malaysias bond market belong to the sukuk market. Sukuk market in Malaysia successfully attract the attention of international corporations and multilateral agencies and drawn a lots of participation of these parties in raising funds and as well as investing in the sukuk market. Moreover, sukuk market of Malaysia is now having continuous innovation such as it offers the chance for international corporations to participate and plays a role in our Islamic financial system. As mentioned before, there have a greater development compared to the beginning of Malaysias sukuk market which our country started with a RM125 million of issue size by Shell MDS Sdn. Bhd.. The improving development once again can be clearly proven by the shoot up of the value of sukuk issue which is at RM15.4 billion by the Binariang GSM Sdn. Bhd. Besides, Malaysia is the fastest growing country in the global for the area of sukuk market with 22% of average annual growth within the period of 2001 until 2007. Therere a lots of efforts that has been put in the sukuk market to enhance its stability. First of all, to ensure the financial stability, Malaysia had cooperated with several regulatory authorities and participates in Islamic Financial Services Board (IFSB), Islamic Financial Stability Forum (IFSF), Islamic Development Bank (IDB) and also involve itself in the International Islamic Liquidity Management Corporation (IILM). Besides, the introduction of new type of financial instruments which has the extended maturity profiles has brought the Malaysias sukuk market to become more innovative. This is because it increases the diversity of both local and foreign participants and also meets the requirements of both issuers and investors so that there will be a win-win situation. Meanwhile, the increasing number of issuance in foreign currency had successfully extended the international gateway and attracts the participations from foreign countries in Malaysias sukuk market. This in turns s peed up the development of our sukuk market and also facilitate a good relationship with the international financial markets. The development of Malaysias sukuk market brings the economy to become more diversified and more driven by the private sector than the government. This is shown by the increasing demand for the financing requirements from private sector compared to the market which is previously mainly control by the Government debt securities. In a nut shell, Malaysia leads the development of sukuk market not only in terms of total sukuk issuance which accounted 68.9% of total global outstanding at the end of 2007, but at the same time showed excellent performance in the innovative sukuk structure and is more competitive in attracting the investors. In the future, Malaysia will continue its efforts to enhance the relationship with others international financial markets through ways such as partnership or maybe cooperation. (Technology, Sukuk Market in Malaysia, 2011) 2.6 Challenges of Sukuk Market According to the journal, we understand about few challenges that occur in sukuk market. First of all, the sukuk market faced the problem when there is lack of uniformity in the procedures that applied Shariahs principles. The lack of professional in Shariah standards and also the lack of awareness of the employers and manager of sukuk even make the things worse. Besides, when it comes to the collaborations among the countries, things become challenges because each country has their own laws and some of their laws will conflict with Islamic financial system and has to be amending in order to operate the system. Furthermore, therere still occur the gap of knowledge even though AAOIFI, Central Bank of Malaysia and also other organizations have put efforts in distributing the information to the public. Therefore, more focus have to put at the information dissemination through ways such as forums, training as well as set up more education center. Last but not least, it is difficult to maintain the unique features of sukuk. This is because those who already get used with the characteristics of conventional products will tend to request for the products which has the same characteristics with conventional products. This in turns will neglect the identity of the unique sukuk bond. (Technology, Challenges in Sukuk Market, 2011) Trading of Sukuk Market in Malaysia Between these ten years, the institutional arrangements particular gave a greater focus to develop the sukuk market. The sukuk market now accounts for more than fifty percent of Malaysias bond market. The market has drawn the participation from a wide range of international corporations and multilateral agencies in raising funds and investing in the sukuk issuances out of Malaysia. More lately, there has also been continuous innovation and an increasing number of issuances in foreign currency. As Malaysia offers international participation in the Islamic financial system, also offer to be an international gateway, particularly in strengthening the link between the two important dynamic growth regions of Asia and the Middle East. (Zeti Akhtar Aziz, 2010) Shell MDS Sdn. Bhd. started Malaysias sukuk market with a simple issue size of RM125 million in 1990 and is growing in size and increasingly sophisticated now. This development is evident in the largest sukuk issue recently valued at RM15.4 billion which is USD4.7 billion by Binariang GSM Sdn. Bhd. Now, the sukuk market in Malaysia with an average annual growth of 22% issued for the period 2001-2007 is among the fastest growing in the world. Malaysia has continued it success by introducing innovative sukuk structures such as convertible sukuk musyarakah by Khazanah Nasional Berhad, the Malaysian government investment holding company after introducing the first sovereign global sukuk in the world in 2002. This combines the features of the first full convertibility is usually only used for conventional equity-linked transactions is a historic issue of the first of its kind in the world. (Central Bank of Malaysia, 2007) Malaysia also continues to collaborate with other regulatory authorities to ensure financial stability in the Islamic financial system. This will be through Malaysias active involvement in the Islamic Financial Services Board (IFSB), the Islamic Financial Stability Forum (IFSF), the initiatives by the Islamic Development Bank (IDB), and finally in the newly formed International Islamic Liquidity Management Corporation (IILM). Depth and liquidity of the market has increased by secondary trading in the Malaysian sukuk market with the participation of more companies, including foreign-owned companies continued use of this market for funding purposes. Long-term funding needs are financed by a large number of corporate issuance. The diversity and size of the sukuk transaction was the increasing value proposition is very attractive to investors who want to diversify their asset portfolios, therefrom creating a vibrant secondary market. The Malaysian sukuk market has also grown to become more sophisticated and innovative to meet the multiplex risk-return requirements and profiles of both investors and issuers. Diversified range of players have been generated by the proliferation of new types of instruments with extended maturity profiles , both local and foreign to participate in the market. This was facilitated by the liberalization of the market in 2005 to allow for issuance of debt securities by foreign corporations and multilateral agencies in ringgit denominated papers. This was extended to foreign currency denominated issuances in year 2007. Actually, this has attracted many multilateral agencies, multinational corporations and foreign corporations to raise funds and invest in origination and issuances out of Malaysia, therefore enhancing the Malaysian market, and strengthening Malaysias inter-linkages with other international financial markets. The transformation of the Malaysian economy has been accompanied by the development of the sukuk market in Malaysia that has now become more private and diversified sector driven. The Government debt securities initially dominated the market, now reflects the growing demand for the long term financing requirements of the private sector. Now, the corporate sector raises 58% of their financing requirements through the sukuk market and debt securities compared to ten years ago is about 33%. The presence of a liquid and deep debt securities and sukuk market thus contributes towards the stability of the financial system. Now, with a number of Malaysias sukuk issues by 68.9%, or USD62 billion (or RM213 billion) of total global outstanding at the end of year 2007, Malaysia is the worlds largest sukuk market. Amount of corporate sukuk in Malaysia more than RM30 billion in year 2007. Malaysia not only lead the development of the sukuk market in terms of total sukuk issuance, even in terms of the introduction of innovative sukuk structures and competitive to attract more individual or corporation investors. Moving forward, Malaysia will continue its efforts in strengthening our international linkages in the global Islamic financial system through cooperation and collaborative partnerships with the objective of contributing towards greater economic integration and international financial. Certainly, sukuk ( Islamic bond ) proved that it is among the most successful Islamic financial product in the industry and be one of the fastest-growing sectors in the global financial landscape. Type of Sukuk Bonds Ijarah Sukuk Ijarah sukuk is an Islamic alternate of conventional leasing. Ijarah is a contract the distribution of funds to use right transfer (benefit) of an item within a certain time to the lease payments (ujrah), between the finance company as the lessor (muajjir) with tenants (mustajir) not followed by transfer of ownership of the goods themselves [1]. These are sukuk that represent ownership of equal shares in a rented real estate or the usufruct of the real estate. In other words, issuing certificates of ownership of assets, leased to a particular consumer is known as Sukuk Al Ijarah or simply Ijarah Sukuk. Other than that, Ijarah sukuk also is a bond between a bank with consumer to take on an item or even object leases and bank-owned banks have a service fee for items which is rent, and at the end with the purchase of leasing object by the consumer. (In Shaukats (2010) article, Common Structures of Sukuk, Ijarah sukuk were described as Ijarah sukuk are the securities representing ownership of well defined existing and known assets tied up to a lease contract, rental of which is the return payable to sukuk holders. (p. 10).) Ijarah sukuk have a main concept which means selling the benefit of apply or service for a fixed price or salary. Base on this concept, the Islamic bank make it available to the consumer applies of service of assets or equipments for a fixed period of time and also the price. 1Source: Sharia Economy Journal, Ijarah Definition (2011) Figure 5: The process of Ijarah SukukSukuk al-Ijarah.png The chart above shows few stages of the transaction process. First stage is Contract of Cash Sale. SPV purchases property from obligator as the step 1 above, such as SPV purchases hospital from government. After that, the assets purchased by the SPV are funded by the issuance of sukuk which is trust certificates which represents beneficial  ownership in the assets and the lease as the step 3 shown above. Besides that, government received cash proceeds as step 7 while Stage 2 is Contract of Leasing (Ijarah). At first, SPV rents property to the government for specified period which is step 2 shown above. After that, step 6 shows that SPV collects rentals. During the tenure, SPV passed the rentals to investors as the step 9. For your information, example is periodic distribution or coupon. Continually, at the maturity, SPV sells the property to the government at an agreed price. Government pays cash to SPV. Lastly, SPV simultaneously pay investors cash for sukuk redemption. Musharakah Sukuk Musharakah sukuk is a structure of partnership which is used in Islamic finance instead of interest-bearing loans. It is also a mode of financing against which Sukuks can be issued for. It does not differ from the Mudaraba sukuk except in the organization of the relationship between the party issuing such sukuk and holders of these sukuk, whereby the party issuing sukuk forms a committee from the holders of the sukuk who can be referred to in investment decisions [1]. Musharaka Sukuk are used for mobilizing the funds for establishing a new project or developing an existing one or financing a business activity on the basis of partnership contracts (Shaukat, 2010). Moreover, Musharakah Sukuk have a specified maturity date, and are negotiable in the secondary market. In the assets of the Musharakah sukuk, for every sukuk would have a representative holders proportionate ownership. These Musharaka certificates can be treated as negotiable instruments and can be bought and sold in the secondary market [2]. Musharakah sukuk  allows each party involved in a business to share in the profits and risks. Other than that, profit earned by the Musharakah sukuk is shared according to an agreed ratio between the Issuer and Investors at an agreement. Although the profit and loss is sharing, while it shared between the investors as per investment ratio only. Besides that, to ensure the tradability of Musharakah sukuks, all the assets should not be in liquid form. 1Source: Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institution, AAOIFI 2Source:Common Structure of Sukuks, Mughees Shaukat Figure 6: The process of Musharakah SukukSukuk al-Musharaka.png From the above shown that, at the beginning, Corporate and the Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) enter into a Musharakah Arrangement for a fixed period and an agreed profit-sharing ratio. Thus, the corporate undertakes to buy Musharakah shares of the SPV on a periodic basis. First, Corporate (as Musharik) contributes land or other physical assets to the Musharakah. After that, in 2 a b shown that SPV (as Musharik)